\nThe September 3, 2011, M 7.0 Vanuatu earthquake occurred as the result of oblique-reverse faulting at an intermediate depth, approximately 135 km beneath the Earth’s surface at the southern extent of the Vanuatu islands. Focal mechanism solutions indicate that rupture occurred on either a steeply dipping reverse fault or a moderately dipping oblique-reverse fault. Slip on a fault of either orientation would accommodate the down-dip compression of the Australia slab that is implied by the reverse component of the faulting solution. At the location of this earthquake, the Australia plate moves roughly east-northeast relative to the Pacific at a velocity of 79 mm/yr, subducting beneath the Vanuatu island chain from the New Hebrides Trench to the west of this earthquake. The September 3rd event occurred near the boundary between these two plates as a result of faulting within the subducting Australia slab, and was driven by the stresses generated by the bending of the plate as it sinks deeper into the mantle. The subducted slab is seismically active east of the September 3rd epicenter to depths close to 300 km. \n
\n\nThis section of the subducting Australia plate has hosted numerous moderate and large earthquakes in the past, with 14 earthquakes of M 6.5+ within 100 km of the September 3rd event over the past quarter century. The largest was a M 7.2 earthquake 80 km to the south and 50 km shallower in 1979. The recent M 7.1 and M 7.0 Vanuatu earthquakes of August 20, 2011, occurred more than 300 km to the northwest of the September 3rd quake, along the shallow plate boundary interface, rather than within the subducting plate.\n
\n\nEarthquakes like this event, with focal depths between 70 and 300 km, are commonly termed “intermediate-depth” earthquakes. Intermediate-depth earthquakes represent deformation within subducted slabs rather than at the shallow plate interface between subducting and overriding tectonic plates. They typically cause less damage on the ground surface above their foci than is the case with similar-magnitude shallow-focus earthquakes, but large intermediate-depth earthquakes may be felt at great distance from their epicenters. \n
\n\nHayes et al. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. (5.2 MB PDF)\n
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