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Focal mechanism solutions indicate that rupture occurred on either a steeply dipping reverse fault or a very shallowly dipping thrust fault. Slip on a fault of either orientation would accommodate the down-dip compression of the Pacific slab that is implied by the reverse component of the faulting solution. At the location of the earthquake, the Pacific plate moves west relative to the Australia plate, subducting at the Tonga Trench to the east of the August 19th earthquake at a velocity of about 75 mm/yr. This second August 19th earthquake (11:08 UTC) is located at the extreme depth limit of the Wadati-Benioff zone at this location. Its depth is well constrained by an excellent and large set of observations of “depth phases,” which are characteristic seismic waves reflected off the underside of Earth’s surface. Thus, the depth of the second event is clearly one of the deepest in the entire catalog of historical and recent seismic activity. \n</p>\n<p>\nThe pair of August 19th earthquakes was interesting in that the events occurred very close to one another in space and time, had large magnitudes (both M 7.7) and were at great depths (580 km and 675 km, respectively). Very large earthquakes are commonplace in this area of the Pacific (35 other events greater than M 7.5 have been recorded since 1900) and deep-focus earthquakes are plentiful. What is unusual about this pair of earthquakes is the near coincidence in both time and space at the extreme lower depth limit of global earthquakes.\nEarthquakes occur here in this complex seismic zone because of the interaction of two tectonic plates, the Australia plate and the Pacific plate. Both plates are composed of relatively cold and rigid lithosphere (thin oceanic crust and uppermost mantle), moving towards one another at a rate of between 50 and 90 mm/yr. At the zone of contact, the cold Pacific plate subducts under the overlying Australia plate lithosphere and sinks into the hotter upper mantle. Where the rigid plates are in contact, a deep trench or trough forms—the Tonga Trench—and numerous shallow-focus earthquakes occur (occasionally large), typically demonstrating the thrust-type mechanism expected in this zone of strong horizontal compression and brittle deformation. As the subducting plate continues to greater depths, earthquakes indicate strain relief within the relatively cold slab. The inclined pattern of earthquake foci from shallow (typically 0 to 70 km) to intermediate (70 to 300 km) and deep depths (greater than 300 km) is called the Wadati-Benioff zone. Volcanoes are frequently found above the 100 km depth of the Wadati-Benioff zone.\n</p>\n<p>\nHayes et al. (2016) <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161192\">Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015</a>, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. (5.2 MB PDF)\n</p>","sha256":"u9b6iKf0C9L+9AZv6KDL7DnsaXyJ1m+RpFr34aBLDX8="}}}],"impact-text":[{"indexid":12846733,"indexTime":1610428816440,"id":"urn:usgs-product:us:impact-text:usp000ba6m:1415322977682","type":"impact-text","code":"usp000ba6m","source":"us","updateTime":1415322977682,"status":"UPDATE","properties":{"eventParametersPublicID":"quakeml:US.anss.org/eventParameters/pde20020819110824310_675/1415322977682","eventsource":"us","eventsourcecode":"p000ba6m"},"preferredWeight":8,"contents":{"":{"contentType":"text/plain","lastModified":1415322977000,"length":58,"bytes":"Felt at Suva. 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