\nThe January 8, 2000, M 7.2 Tonga earthquake occurred as the result of oblique normal faulting at intermediate depth within the subducted Pacific plate, approximately 180 km beneath the Pacific Ocean north of Tonga. Focal mechanism solutions for the earthquake indicate that rupture occurred on either a near-vertical normal fault or on a very shallowly dipping oblique normal fault within the interior of the subducted Pacific slab. Slip on a fault of either orientation would accommodate the down-dip extension of the Pacific slab that is implied by the normal-component of the faulting solution. At the location of the earthquake, the Pacific plate moves westward with respect to the interior of the Australia plate at a velocity of about 82 millimeters per year (mm/yr). \n
\n\nThe broad-scale tectonics of the January 8, 2000, M 7.2 earthquake region are dominated by the relative convergence of the Pacific and Australia plates. The Pacific plate subducts westward beneath the Australia plate at the Tonga Trench, about 250 km to the east of the January 8th earthquake. The eastern edge of the Australia plate may itself be viewed as a collection of microplates whose relative motions help to accommodate the overall Pacific-Australia convergence and associated back-arc spreading.\n
\n\nEarthquakes like this event, with focal depths between 70 and 300 km, are commonly termed “intermediate-depth” earthquakes. Intermediate-depth earthquakes represent deformation within subducted slabs rather than at the shallow plate interface between subducting and overriding tectonic plates. They typically cause less damage on the ground surface above their foci than is the case with similar-magnitude shallow-focus earthquakes, but large intermediate-depth earthquakes may be felt at great distance from their epicenters. “Deep-focus” earthquakes, those with focal depths greater than 300 km, also occur in the subducted Pacific plate beneath the Lau Ridge and South Fiji Basin to the west. Earthquakes have been reliably located to depths of about 650 km in this region. \n
\n\nThe Australia-Pacific plate boundary is one of the most active in the world. Earthquakes occur on the thrust fault boundary between the Australia and Pacific plates (at shallow depths, above about 50 km), within the subducting Pacific plate (beneath depths of about 70 km), and within and on the boundaries of the small microplates that together compose the eastern edge of the Australia plate. Nine other earthquakes above M 7 occurred within 400 km of the January 8th event over the preceding 40 years. The largest was a M 7.8 event in December 1975, approximately 200 km to the northeast of the January 8th event, and likely on the shallow plate boundary interface between the two plates. None are known to have caused fatalities, likely because of their remote location far from population centers that might be vulnerable to earthquake shaking.\n
\n\nHayes et al. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. (5.2 MB PDF)\n
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