WEBVTT

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/68-0
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So welcome, everyone, to this
week's earthquake science

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/68-1
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seminars Earthquake Science
Center seminar.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/105-0
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I we have a few announcements
for you today, but but first I

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I'll just introduce that the
seminars are recorded and I'll

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talk to are posted on our ESC
web page.

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You can turn on closed
captioning by clicking on the CC

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00:00:30.431 --> 00:00:34.014
icon in the more tab at the top
of the page tendies.

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Please mute your mics and turn
off your cameras until the

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Q&A session at the end of
the talk.

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This will be a online only
seminar, so we we're all tuning

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in from from different places
and we'll have questions.

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I'm here on teams at the end of
the seminar, so submit those

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/213-1
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questions via the chat anytime
and we'll get to them.

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After this presentation's
finished for announcements for

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We're in your teenagers now.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/289-1
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this week, the are ESC all Hands
meeting was rescheduled for next

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I think this is TV is just not
working.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/262-0
00:01:09.924 --> 00:01:10.784
You're having your team.

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Thursday, August 17th at 11:00
AM. Uh.

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It's like every time the team
doesn't.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/298-0
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People have been trying to do
like share screen and you just

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like.

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I I I see that we've got the the
watching party in Yosemite.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/308-0
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Thanks for muting.

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Uh, yeah.

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So see your inbox or teams
calendar for the link to the All

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hands meeting next Thursday at
11:00 AM also next Thursday.

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The ESC summer interns will do
their final presentations from

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1:00 to 3:00 PM.

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All are invited to see the
results from their summer

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/367-1
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internships.

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Uh, Thursdays.

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So we also have our weekly not
ready for prime time on

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Thursdays.

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That's at 3:00 PM and that's in
person only.

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Check your teams calendar for
that, and then finally, next

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week's talk will be given by our
own Jess Murray on incorporating

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GNSS data into Shake alert.

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So we look forward to that, uh.

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So that's it for announcements
and then I'll pass the mic to

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Catherine Materna to introduce
this week, speaker.

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Alright, so today's speaker is
Chris Milliner, who is a postdoc

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at Caltech and he was previously
just down the road from there at

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JPL.

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Umm.

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Chris was a graduate student at
USC with James Dolan, and then

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he moved to a post DOC at UC
Berkeley in 2016 to 2017, which

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is where I got to know him.

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Umm he his research uses insurge
NSS and optical image cross

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correlation to understand fault
displacements and earthquake

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rupture processes.

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Chris has done a lot of work in
understanding the surface

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ruptures from the Landers Hector
Mine and Ridgecrest earthquakes

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in Southern California.

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And he's also done some really
interesting pioneering work in

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probabilistic fault displacement
hazard analysis.

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Umm, I worked with Chris on a
different project in a different

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topic.

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Actually a project to constrain
the amount of water that was

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deposited on the surface of the
Earth after Hurricane Harvey

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made landfall in Houston in
2017, and we were effectively

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measuring the weight of the
water deposited on the earth

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using vertical GNSS
displacements.

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So umm, Chris has worked on.

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You can tell a variety of topics
in Geo Odyssey, and it's

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exciting to have him here and
give a talk.

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Take it away, Chris.

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Looking forward to it.

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OK.

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Thank you, Catherine.

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Thanks for the very kind of
production.

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Yeah.

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So uh.

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It's really a pleasure to be
here.

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And today, I'm gonna be talking
about how we can try and use

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pixel tracking techniques to.

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And on this time, different
mechanical probably is the

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faults.

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Specifically, I'm gonna try to
make the argument that we can

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try and constrain the frictional
properties and absolute stresses

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and across to using mostly just
satellite images, and then in

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00:04:17.418 --> 00:04:20.845
the second part of the talk
we'll look at how we can use

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solar image and data to
understand how inelastic strain

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may look like.

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As far as full systems mature
and evolve.

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OK, so starting out here is kind
of a simple schematic of what a

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faults are and this kind of
thought to look like.

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We know that full systems aren't
as simple planes, but our

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complex zones of deformation,
and that's we've composed of a

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fault core which includes a
principal subsurface shown by

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this black line.

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And then this is surrounded by
gouge or ultra classic clay

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site.

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And then as you get
progressively further away from

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the full core, there's a
certainly a was observed to be a

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decrease in the density of
fractures.

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And so in this talk, I'll define
these two terms on and off for

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deformation.

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These kind of have different
definitions depending on who you

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00:05:13.349 --> 00:05:17.153
talk to, but here the way I'll
define it is unfold any kind of

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strainer for displacing us.

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Accommodated on the principle
sipping surface and then all

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fall in elastic strain.

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Is any of the strainer
displacements accommodated away

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00:05:26.404 --> 00:05:29.112
from the principal shipping
service in this damage zone

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00:05:29.112 --> 00:05:29.354
here?

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And really, it's gonna be
focusing just on the inelastic

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finite strain.

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So we're not really talking
about elastic infinitesimal

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strain.

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And so the these inelastic
processes can be accommodated by

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range of different physical
mechanisms.

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And example here is from Nelson
Jones showing the different

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types of.

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So you can have.

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This is kind of like a map view
here.

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This is the principal slipping
surface.

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So in this example here we have
a number of parallel secondary

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1217-1
00:05:54.113 --> 00:05:57.152
faults, so you can have
continuous folding which is more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1217-2
00:05:57.152 --> 00:05:59.604
of a kind of a doctor told
plastic mechanism.

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Here we have rotation and also
small block rotation and so

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1282-1
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these processes are pretty well
deserved and the geologic record

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00:06:07.143 --> 00:06:10.812
you can look at an example here
from shelf and Austin where the

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00:06:10.812 --> 00:06:14.310
Silva Belfort actually traverses
and is offset by the Calico

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1282-4
00:06:14.310 --> 00:06:16.144
fault here in the Mojave Desert.

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00:06:16.584 --> 00:06:20.938
And so if you were to take this,
the calico fall here and and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1349-1
00:06:20.938 --> 00:06:25.361
restore the the unfold principle
slick component, you get this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1349-2
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figure on the right and that's
showing here the kind of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1349-3
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giving, it's an illustration of
how the that inelastic

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00:06:33.437 --> 00:06:37.369
distributed deformations
accommodated over the the long

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term geological records.

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00:06:39.064 --> 00:06:41.815
So you can see this is offset is
1.2 kilometers on this block of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1382-1
00:06:41.815 --> 00:06:44.354
the four and almost a kilometer
on this block on the fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1386-0
00:06:44.364 --> 00:06:45.474
And so in total.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1442-0
00:06:47.004 --> 00:06:50.698
There's the calcul fall has has
accommodated the total strain

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1442-1
00:06:50.698 --> 00:06:54.095
and and the other component with
about 23% of that being

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1442-2
00:06:54.095 --> 00:06:57.670
accommodated off the principal
slipping surface and so it's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1442-3
00:06:57.670 --> 00:07:01.483
important to try to understand
how much offal strains occurring

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1442-4
00:07:01.483 --> 00:07:02.794
because it can affect.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1460-0
00:07:03.514 --> 00:07:08.896
And the rupture propagation,
it's thought to be as a sink for

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1460-1
00:07:08.896 --> 00:07:09.764
a rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1464-0
00:07:09.774 --> 00:07:10.054
Energy.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1503-0
00:07:10.064 --> 00:07:14.185
You can slow down rupture, it's
thought to also affect rupture,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1503-1
00:07:14.185 --> 00:07:17.919
directivity and also poses a
direct has to infrastructure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1503-2
00:07:17.919 --> 00:07:22.039
that has to cross faults such as
pipelines, roads, building and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1503-3
00:07:22.039 --> 00:07:23.584
critical infrastructure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1516-0
00:07:25.404 --> 00:07:28.504
And so we know that our fault
strain doesn't isn't static.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1545-0
00:07:28.774 --> 00:07:32.952
Umm it's it's not expected to be
constant over the last time and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1545-1
00:07:32.952 --> 00:07:36.294
forces and we we we think it
does evolve over time.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1558-0
00:07:36.554 --> 00:07:39.804
So there's been a lot of
different experiments showing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1582-0
00:07:39.814 --> 00:07:43.645
This is one example from Visage
and this goes all way back to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1582-1
00:07:43.645 --> 00:07:44.634
trunk code 1978.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-0
00:07:44.804 --> 00:07:48.154
Whether you sandbox is sandbox
experiments and they

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-1
00:07:48.154 --> 00:07:52.148
continuously share sand and and
now we have these experiments

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1602-0
00:07:48.694 --> 00:07:48.954
So.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-2
00:07:52.148 --> 00:07:56.077
which can do image correlation
on the sand and track how the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-3
00:07:56.077 --> 00:07:59.749
sand moves and you can see that
the fault system becomes

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-4
00:07:59.749 --> 00:08:03.292
progressively more localized
with time and as the full

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-5
00:08:03.292 --> 00:08:07.350
accumulates displacement and we
see this in the Synology where

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-6
00:08:07.350 --> 00:08:11.408
you magically smoother faults
for more mature faults typically

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-7
00:08:11.408 --> 00:08:14.951
have lower numbers of
aftershocks and are seen to host

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-8
00:08:14.951 --> 00:08:18.688
faster ruptures that can even
then sometimes become super

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1693-9
00:08:18.688 --> 00:08:19.074
sheer.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1719-0
00:08:19.894 --> 00:08:23.202
And so one question is, what are
the mechanisms that are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1719-1
00:08:23.202 --> 00:08:26.742
contributing to this kind of
long term geologic evolution of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1719-2
00:08:26.742 --> 00:08:27.554
fault systems?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1737-0
00:08:27.964 --> 00:08:31.399
Here's a nice schematic from
she'll Faulkner, and there's a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1737-1
00:08:31.399 --> 00:08:32.544
range of mechanisms.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1758-0
00:08:32.904 --> 00:08:35.961
Kind of illustrated here, some
of which are broken down into

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1758-1
00:08:35.961 --> 00:08:37.564
kind of quasi static mechanisms.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1767-0
00:08:37.574 --> 00:08:41.034
And there's also there's dynamic
stress effects.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1772-0
00:08:41.044 --> 00:08:41.274
So.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1775-0
00:08:41.344 --> 00:08:41.734
Not really.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1811-0
00:08:41.774 --> 00:08:44.950
What really quite clear which
these mechanisms are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1811-1
00:08:44.950 --> 00:08:48.687
contributing to the long term
evolution and localization of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1811-2
00:08:48.687 --> 00:08:52.673
strain along fault systems, is
that quasi static processes is a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1811-3
00:08:52.673 --> 00:08:53.794
dynamic processes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1836-0
00:08:53.804 --> 00:08:56.948
So is it the stresses that are
created at the tips of ruptures

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1836-1
00:08:56.948 --> 00:08:58.644
that they propagate along
faults?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1847-0
00:08:59.274 --> 00:09:01.604
Because you can get very high
stress concentrations, right?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1861-0
00:09:01.614 --> 00:09:03.494
Those, as other others, Russian
tips.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1877-0
00:09:04.074 --> 00:09:06.901
And so it's not clear what is
the relative contribution of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1877-1
00:09:06.901 --> 00:09:08.194
these different mechanisms.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1892-0
00:09:08.564 --> 00:09:10.773
And so there's a summarize the
expected behavior here is as

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1892-1
00:09:10.773 --> 00:09:10.994
false.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1905-0
00:09:11.004 --> 00:09:12.774
Or thoughts to mature of a
geologic time scale.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1921-0
00:09:12.784 --> 00:09:15.224
So we know we're talking over
multiple earthquake cycles.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1934-0
00:09:17.054 --> 00:09:19.754
They thought the geometrically
become smoother strangers.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1954-0
00:09:19.764 --> 00:09:22.562
Thoughts of localize this can
lead to fewer stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1954-1
00:09:22.562 --> 00:09:25.414
concentrations along faults,
which is hypothesized.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1980-0
00:09:25.424 --> 00:09:29.124
Please to apologize to lead to
lower our shop productivity and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1980-1
00:09:29.124 --> 00:09:32.531
less fracture energy being
expended in there for can lead

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1980-2
00:09:32.531 --> 00:09:34.234
to faster rupture velocities.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/1985-0
00:09:36.444 --> 00:09:36.834
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2012-0
00:09:36.844 --> 00:09:39.008
So another important aspect
since falling mechanic is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2012-1
00:09:39.008 --> 00:09:41.573
understanding the strengths and
faults and the massive stresses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2012-2
00:09:41.573 --> 00:09:42.134
and the cross.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2019-0
00:09:42.544 --> 00:09:43.354
So if we look at the.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2044-0
00:09:44.734 --> 00:09:47.058
A schematic view of the kind of
the loading history of a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2044-1
00:09:47.058 --> 00:09:48.444
particular point along the
fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-0
00:09:48.934 --> 00:09:52.188
You can see here is just showing
over time the shear stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-1
00:09:52.188 --> 00:09:55.497
varying to different parts of
the earthquake cycle, and this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-2
00:09:55.497 --> 00:09:58.914
is largely determined determined
by the default properties and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-3
00:09:58.914 --> 00:10:02.060
mechanical properties of the
fault, but also what are the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-4
00:10:02.060 --> 00:10:05.151
orientation of stresses in the
ambient cross where their

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-5
00:10:05.151 --> 00:10:08.622
magnitudes as this affects the
sheer normal stresses that occur

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2126-6
00:10:08.622 --> 00:10:09.924
along that slip surface.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2145-0
00:10:10.324 --> 00:10:13.483
So all these these these
properties are important because

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2145-1
00:10:13.483 --> 00:10:15.824
in effect it can affect the full
strength.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2175-0
00:10:15.834 --> 00:10:19.377
So the level of shear stress
that a fault can sustain before

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2175-1
00:10:19.377 --> 00:10:22.920
then fails and then this is this
is leads to what's called a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2175-2
00:10:22.920 --> 00:10:24.894
stress drop during an
earthquake.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2216-0
00:10:24.904 --> 00:10:28.916
So you have a release of stress
that changes from the static to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2216-1
00:10:28.916 --> 00:10:32.802
the dynamic shear stress level
and it's possibly thought this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2216-2
00:10:32.802 --> 00:10:36.688
full strength can vary too over
over time over the earthquake

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2216-3
00:10:36.688 --> 00:10:37.064
cycle.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2243-0
00:10:39.004 --> 00:10:42.502
And so there's one uh study like
the highlight, which is looked

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2243-1
00:10:42.502 --> 00:10:45.727
at the effect of full bends on
the initial stresses during

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2243-2
00:10:45.727 --> 00:10:46.164
rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2278-0
00:10:46.404 --> 00:10:49.739
So this is a theoretical study
by Kasen Day where they

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2278-1
00:10:49.739 --> 00:10:53.437
simulated a dynamic rupture
propagation along a fault with a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2278-2
00:10:53.437 --> 00:10:55.074
band of a particular angle.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2316-0
00:10:55.404 --> 00:10:59.261
And here they're trying to
understand what are the effects

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2316-1
00:10:59.261 --> 00:11:03.248
of this Benge hometree on the
initial stresses, and then how

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2316-2
00:11:03.248 --> 00:11:07.236
rupture propagates and can be
affected by that change in for

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2316-3
00:11:07.236 --> 00:11:07.824
geometry.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2342-0
00:11:09.114 --> 00:11:13.347
So here is an example of a slip
distribution along this this the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2342-1
00:11:13.347 --> 00:11:14.584
strikes that fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2350-0
00:11:14.594 --> 00:11:16.554
So this is a kind of a 3D view.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2372-0
00:11:16.674 --> 00:11:20.534
It's just showing the view
stress state, so this is the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2372-1
00:11:20.534 --> 00:11:21.844
left lateral fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-0
00:11:22.194 --> 00:11:26.346
This data angle here gives an
determines the bend angle, so

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-1
00:11:26.346 --> 00:11:30.429
this is an example here of a sub
distribution after ornate

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-2
00:11:30.429 --> 00:11:34.858
dynamic rupture with no with no
bandits, straight fall and then

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-3
00:11:34.858 --> 00:11:38.663
as you increase the bend
geometry you can see that the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-4
00:11:38.663 --> 00:11:42.885
and you can see that the the
contours of slip which is shown

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-5
00:11:42.885 --> 00:11:47.244
by these lines start to become
affected and in some cases slip

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2445-6
00:11:47.244 --> 00:11:48.974
can almost be terminated.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2450-0
00:11:49.724 --> 00:11:50.174
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2509-0
00:11:50.264 --> 00:11:53.818
As the bend angle increases and
as as the bend becomes more and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2509-1
00:11:53.818 --> 00:11:57.427
more compressional, and so this
can be nicely summarized the you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2509-2
00:11:57.427 --> 00:12:00.703
know what's going on here can be
nicely summarized by this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2509-3
00:12:00.703 --> 00:12:04.256
diagram and which is showing how
as you increase the bend angle

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2509-4
00:12:04.256 --> 00:12:05.644
so as you increase Theta.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2517-0
00:12:05.654 --> 00:12:06.704
So this is the compression.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2525-0
00:12:06.714 --> 00:12:08.544
All this is and this is the
releasing bend.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2554-0
00:12:09.174 --> 00:12:12.918
So if we look at the restoring
case, as you increase that Ben

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2554-1
00:12:12.918 --> 00:12:16.601
geometry, this is the effect of
decreasing the initial shear

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2554-2
00:12:16.601 --> 00:12:17.024
stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2561-0
00:12:17.034 --> 00:12:18.194
That's all black lines.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2603-0
00:12:18.204 --> 00:12:21.840
As you increase the bend angle,
the initial shear stresses were

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2603-1
00:12:21.840 --> 00:12:25.476
trapped in vector on that bend
start to decrease and the static

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2603-2
00:12:25.476 --> 00:12:28.771
friction required to cause
failure starts to increase and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2603-3
00:12:28.771 --> 00:12:29.964
the dynamic friction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2617-0
00:12:30.154 --> 00:12:33.432
The dynamic frictional stress
also increases, so it well this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2617-1
00:12:33.432 --> 00:12:34.014
is showing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2642-0
00:12:34.024 --> 00:12:37.284
Is that because progressively
more and more difficult to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2642-1
00:12:37.284 --> 00:12:40.944
initiate and sustain rupture on
as these bend animals increase?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2685-0
00:12:42.534 --> 00:12:46.421
And so the idea here in this
talk, it will will explore a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2685-1
00:12:46.421 --> 00:12:50.843
little bit is how can we try and
look for these large scale bends

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2685-2
00:12:50.843 --> 00:12:54.864
that can change the initial
stress state or initial change.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2743-0
00:12:54.874 --> 00:12:58.936
The stresses and how can we look
for these along actual courses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2743-1
00:12:58.936 --> 00:13:02.870
and ruptures to try and tease
out and back out what's the the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2743-2
00:13:02.870 --> 00:13:06.614
initial and dynamic shear
stresses along faults that would

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2743-3
00:13:06.614 --> 00:13:09.914
explain the tapering and
reduction in cosmic slide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2782-0
00:13:11.144 --> 00:13:14.325
So specifically in the first
part of the talk, we're gonna

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2782-1
00:13:14.325 --> 00:13:17.182
look at 2 earthquakes, the
Ridgecrest event, and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2782-2
00:13:17.182 --> 00:13:20.309
caravan raster earthquake that
happened in Turkey back in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2782-3
00:13:20.309 --> 00:13:20.794
February.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2812-0
00:13:21.314 --> 00:13:24.009
And the specific questions we're
interested in trying to address

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2812-1
00:13:24.009 --> 00:13:26.414
or how, how did genius or stress
is along a fault system?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2832-0
00:13:26.424 --> 00:13:29.825
So it it's not quite clear what
scale stresses are homogeneous

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2832-1
00:13:29.825 --> 00:13:31.174
and what scale they vary.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2856-0
00:13:31.644 --> 00:13:34.105
We also wanna try understand
where the app to manage the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2856-1
00:13:34.105 --> 00:13:35.054
stresses in the cross.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2865-0
00:13:35.314 --> 00:13:36.884
You know, this is a pretty
difficult thing to do.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2892-0
00:13:38.404 --> 00:13:41.650
I'm gonna try and make the
argument here that we can try

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2892-1
00:13:41.650 --> 00:13:45.294
and constrain and come up with
some kind of constraint on that.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2906-0
00:13:45.444 --> 00:13:48.826
And then we wanna try and
understand what, how strong our

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2906-1
00:13:48.826 --> 00:13:49.234
faults.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2913-0
00:13:49.244 --> 00:13:50.344
So what is the fault strength?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2952-0
00:13:50.354 --> 00:13:53.848
What is the and static and
dynamic frictional coefficients

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2952-1
00:13:53.848 --> 00:13:57.520
that may govern the magnitude of
slipped in that variation of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2952-2
00:13:57.520 --> 00:14:01.014
slip along eruption, and then
the second part of the talk?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2966-0
00:14:01.324 --> 00:14:03.434
I'll briefly touch on some kind
of ongoing work.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2994-0
00:14:03.444 --> 00:14:07.420
We're trying to understand how
inelastic strain may vary for

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2994-1
00:14:07.420 --> 00:14:11.657
different ruptures, and how that
may tell us something about how

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2994-2
00:14:11.657 --> 00:14:12.504
awful string.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/2996-0
00:14:12.734 --> 00:14:12.874
No.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3008-0
00:14:13.554 --> 00:14:16.404
Uh, which evolves in various
false mature.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3041-0
00:14:17.034 --> 00:14:20.257
So First off, we're gonna look
at trying to constrain the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3041-1
00:14:20.257 --> 00:14:23.924
course and stresses and friction
along the Ridge Crest structure,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3041-2
00:14:23.924 --> 00:14:26.925
specifically using pixel
tracking data from satellite

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3041-3
00:14:26.925 --> 00:14:27.814
optical imagery.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3064-0
00:14:29.134 --> 00:14:32.467
So the way that optical image
correlation works is you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3064-1
00:14:32.467 --> 00:14:36.224
essentially have images taken
before and after an earthquake.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3085-0
00:14:36.494 --> 00:14:40.019
You can see this is a an example
here from the Kaikoura

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3085-1
00:14:40.019 --> 00:14:43.544
earthquake, where it's kind of
shifting back and forth.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3109-0
00:14:43.554 --> 00:14:47.862
You can see one slide is moving
back and forth here and the way

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3109-1
00:14:47.862 --> 00:14:49.814
it works is we have a window.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3154-0
00:14:50.414 --> 00:14:53.844
Uh, that tracks how pixels shift
between the before and after

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3154-1
00:14:53.844 --> 00:14:57.441
images, and you see that do this
in the spatial domain where the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3154-2
00:14:57.441 --> 00:15:00.816
statistical correlator, or in
the frequency frequency domain

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3154-3
00:15:00.816 --> 00:15:02.254
with the phase correlator?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3190-0
00:15:03.604 --> 00:15:06.860
And what the and the what's
output from this is the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3190-1
00:15:06.860 --> 00:15:10.806
displacement the surface motion
in the East West and the whole

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3190-2
00:15:10.806 --> 00:15:12.684
and the north South direction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3233-0
00:15:14.274 --> 00:15:17.962
And so that's kind of the
traditional approach which gives

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3233-1
00:15:17.962 --> 00:15:21.962
you the horizontal component of
surface displacement or service

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3233-2
00:15:21.962 --> 00:15:25.837
motion is kind of a workflow
showing the how how you go about

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3233-3
00:15:25.837 --> 00:15:26.524
doing this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3263-0
00:15:26.534 --> 00:15:30.108
You have an image before and
after you then orthorectified

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3263-1
00:15:30.108 --> 00:15:33.864
the images you try and remove
any distortions from topography

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3263-2
00:15:33.864 --> 00:15:36.044
and the way the satellites
looking.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3268-0
00:15:36.334 --> 00:15:37.544
You then can register them.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3310-0
00:15:37.874 --> 00:15:41.664
You then correlate them and then
you get the displacement maps

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3310-1
00:15:41.664 --> 00:15:45.213
and so now what we've been doing
is trying to advance that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3310-2
00:15:45.213 --> 00:15:48.702
technique a little bit to try
and estimate the 3D surface

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3310-3
00:15:48.702 --> 00:15:49.484
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3329-0
00:15:50.544 --> 00:15:53.141
Uh to trying to get the vertical
component of displacement, and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3329-1
00:15:53.141 --> 00:15:54.074
so there's a schematic.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3342-0
00:15:54.124 --> 00:15:56.614
Kind of illustrating here how
how we do that.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3348-0
00:15:56.624 --> 00:15:58.174
So these are two satellites.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3378-0
00:15:58.184 --> 00:16:01.377
Take taking an image before an
earthquake and two cell images

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3378-1
00:16:01.377 --> 00:16:04.054
taken often earthquake and what
the Black van Show.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3410-0
00:16:04.064 --> 00:16:07.539
Here the look factors the way
the direction the sidelights

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3410-1
00:16:07.539 --> 00:16:11.072
looking and the idea here is
that we're trying to go back a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3410-2
00:16:11.072 --> 00:16:11.484
second.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3437-0
00:16:11.494 --> 00:16:15.925
We're trying to uh, triangulate
the position of each pixel image

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3437-1
00:16:15.925 --> 00:16:17.084
by by estimating.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3456-0
00:16:17.144 --> 00:16:20.877
Where does look factors
intersect and so that requires

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3456-1
00:16:20.877 --> 00:16:24.950
having a very good idea of what
the satellite position look

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3456-2
00:16:24.950 --> 00:16:25.764
geometry is?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3469-0
00:16:25.774 --> 00:16:29.624
How fast is moving and and it's
attitudes?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3479-0
00:16:29.634 --> 00:16:31.184
Because that affects your look.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3512-0
00:16:31.314 --> 00:16:35.411
Your look factors and and your
your estimation where there's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3512-1
00:16:35.411 --> 00:16:39.104
pixel are occurring in 3D space
and so in this new in.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3538-0
00:16:39.114 --> 00:16:42.100
In this correlation workflow
that we've developed, we've

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3538-1
00:16:42.100 --> 00:16:44.824
tried to improve and optimize
the position of this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3551-0
00:16:44.834 --> 00:16:49.574
I look factors and and and so
this is.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3591-0
00:16:49.584 --> 00:16:54.170
This is one part of the workflow
here where we're essentially

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3591-1
00:16:54.170 --> 00:16:58.311
trying to optimize and the the
positions of these these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3591-2
00:16:58.311 --> 00:17:02.601
satellite images by comparing it
to an author rectified a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3591-3
00:17:02.601 --> 00:17:03.784
reference image.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3628-0
00:17:04.154 --> 00:17:07.755
So I'm not gonna have time to go
through all of the details in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3628-1
00:17:07.755 --> 00:17:11.185
how this will be technique
works, but it's outlined here in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3628-2
00:17:11.185 --> 00:17:12.214
the study by Saif.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3667-0
00:17:12.224 --> 00:17:16.573
But this is the the new workflow
that we've come up with and then

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3667-1
00:17:16.573 --> 00:17:20.395
another component here is that
we've implemented our post

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3667-2
00:17:20.395 --> 00:17:24.151
processing steps step which
helps helps remove geometric

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3667-3
00:17:24.151 --> 00:17:25.864
artifacts from the images.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3694-0
00:17:25.874 --> 00:17:28.656
So essentially, instead of
correlating 2 and just one

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3694-1
00:17:28.656 --> 00:17:31.747
before one off the earthquake,
we try and correlate as many

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3694-2
00:17:31.747 --> 00:17:32.674
pairs as possible.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3724-0
00:17:32.684 --> 00:17:37.107
So in the richest earthquake
I'll show we have about 60

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3724-1
00:17:37.107 --> 00:17:41.134
images we come up with well over
100 correlations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3757-0
00:17:41.144 --> 00:17:45.041
And so the idea is that when we
have enough image correlations,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3757-1
00:17:45.041 --> 00:17:48.573
we can start to separate out the
image artifacts from the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3757-2
00:17:48.573 --> 00:17:51.374
tectonic signal that we're
trying to isolate.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3767-0
00:17:51.844 --> 00:17:54.114
And so all this is now being
written in Python.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3812-0
00:17:54.504 --> 00:17:58.981
It's largely automated and it's
really available, so you can go

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3812-1
00:17:58.981 --> 00:18:03.317
on to sites GitHub repo and you
can download the new composer

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3812-2
00:18:03.317 --> 00:18:07.374
code called Plus which is the
image correlation software.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-0
00:18:07.604 --> 00:18:11.224
And the study here kind of
outlines that this technique,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-1
00:18:11.224 --> 00:18:15.416
they're just illustrate the kind
of and the improvement with this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-2
00:18:15.416 --> 00:18:19.544
approach on the top, we have the
isn't earthquake and they're 99

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-3
00:18:19.544 --> 00:18:23.482
in Turkey and this is showing
the surface displacement in the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-4
00:18:23.482 --> 00:18:27.102
East West direction and the
bottom we have the East West

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3884-5
00:18:27.102 --> 00:18:30.214
direction that's given from our
new 3D approach.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3947-0
00:18:30.224 --> 00:18:34.056
You can see here that we've
prefectly removed a lot of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3947-1
00:18:34.056 --> 00:18:37.953
topographic artifacts that have
disappeared and some of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3947-2
00:18:37.953 --> 00:18:41.655
stripes which are due to the
sensor artifacts and that's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3947-3
00:18:41.655 --> 00:18:45.682
coming in both from improving
the satellite look position and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3947-4
00:18:45.682 --> 00:18:48.864
and from the ICA post processing
filtering step.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3976-0
00:18:49.834 --> 00:18:52.756
So this is really important
because we can get a more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3976-1
00:18:52.756 --> 00:18:55.949
precise and accurate idea of
what is the offset across the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3976-2
00:18:55.949 --> 00:18:56.274
fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/3990-0
00:18:56.284 --> 00:18:58.924
So these are the these are
profiles across the rapture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4053-0
00:18:58.934 --> 00:19:02.879
You can see this kind of step
function is showing the managed

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4053-1
00:19:02.879 --> 00:19:06.887
code of the slicing across the
rupture, and so this is this is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4053-2
00:19:06.887 --> 00:19:10.514
the and so we played this
approach to the the Ridgecrest

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4053-3
00:19:10.514 --> 00:19:14.459
earthquake and this is showing
the three uses awesome service

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4053-4
00:19:14.459 --> 00:19:15.604
displacement maps.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4069-0
00:19:15.954 --> 00:19:18.744
It's just showing the north
South component, yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4063-0
00:19:16.264 --> 00:19:17.024
Chris, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4070-0
00:19:18.034 --> 00:19:19.324
So can I just stop you quickly?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4091-0
00:19:19.914 --> 00:19:24.647
I there's some feedback in the
chat that your slides might not

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4091-1
00:19:24.647 --> 00:19:25.624
be advancing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4106-0
00:19:25.714 --> 00:19:28.764
Are you still on the slide
that's titled measuring 3D

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4106-1
00:19:28.764 --> 00:19:29.894
Surface deformation?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4112-0
00:19:32.304 --> 00:19:33.584
Uh no, no.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4118-0
00:19:34.484 --> 00:19:36.504
Ohh, that's weird.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4115-0
00:19:34.574 --> 00:19:34.854
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4128-0
00:19:37.714 --> 00:19:39.644
I'm I I'm still sharing
anything.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4134-0
00:19:39.854 --> 00:19:40.904
You, I mean.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4137-0
00:19:40.154 --> 00:19:41.264
You're still sharing, yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4140-0
00:19:40.974 --> 00:19:43.874
Yeah, and that's strange.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4153-0
00:19:45.404 --> 00:19:45.764
Hmm.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4146-0
00:19:46.984 --> 00:19:47.474
Do you?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4156-0
00:19:47.484 --> 00:19:48.594
I'm going back and forth now.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4172-0
00:19:48.604 --> 00:19:50.214
You can see it's still on there.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4187-0
00:19:49.754 --> 00:19:53.972
No, but it's still stuck on the
the measuring 3D surface

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4187-1
00:19:53.972 --> 00:19:55.304
deformation slide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4191-0
00:19:56.004 --> 00:19:56.954
You could try to.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4194-0
00:19:56.104 --> 00:19:57.624
OK, that's weird, I.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4196-0
00:19:57.654 --> 00:19:58.254
Umm.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4215-0
00:19:59.314 --> 00:20:03.117
Restart the share, so stop
sharing and then start it up

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4212-0
00:20:01.724 --> 00:20:01.924
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4215-1
00:20:03.117 --> 00:20:03.524
again.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4217-0
00:20:03.454 --> 00:20:05.214
Elder uh, thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4218-0
00:20:04.634 --> 00:20:06.064
OK Yep.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4222-0
00:20:12.854 --> 00:20:13.224
Let's see.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4228-0
00:20:13.274 --> 00:20:15.264
OK, so you work.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4237-0
00:20:18.264 --> 00:20:21.864
So you are you looking in my?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4258-0
00:20:23.294 --> 00:20:26.064
You can my slides changing now.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4252-0
00:20:24.634 --> 00:20:26.084
We we we can.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4263-0
00:20:26.854 --> 00:20:28.644
Uh, yes, your your slides are
changing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4277-0
00:20:28.754 --> 00:20:31.084
Where we're seeing you now in
the presenter view.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4281-0
00:20:31.094 --> 00:20:31.834
So we're seeing your.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4282-0
00:20:32.184 --> 00:20:33.104
Uh, OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4285-0
00:20:35.884 --> 00:20:36.594
Right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4289-0
00:20:36.764 --> 00:20:37.254
Let me do this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4295-0
00:20:40.364 --> 00:20:41.124
Yeah, it's like.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4303-0
00:20:45.184 --> 00:20:46.054
Well, that's a new one.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4314-0
00:20:46.064 --> 00:20:47.134
I've never experienced that
before.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4323-0
00:20:48.684 --> 00:20:53.024
Teams gives us an A new twist,
and every seminar somehow.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4332-0
00:20:56.034 --> 00:20:57.284
OK, you can see my pointer.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4348-0
00:20:59.024 --> 00:21:00.254
Uh, we we can see your point.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4364-0
00:20:59.854 --> 00:21:03.434
Moving around, yeah, I'm moving
around or not.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4353-0
00:21:00.264 --> 00:21:00.974
You can move it around.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4360-0
00:21:03.284 --> 00:21:04.054
I know.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4368-0
00:21:04.114 --> 00:21:04.914
I OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4370-0
00:21:04.924 --> 00:21:06.254
It's moving.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4398-0
00:21:06.264 --> 00:21:10.476
It's a little bit lagging but
could could you try to OK what

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4394-0
00:21:10.364 --> 00:21:10.624
Nice.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4398-1
00:21:10.476 --> 00:21:12.824
we see your slides advancing
now?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4403-0
00:21:13.524 --> 00:21:16.584
OK, OK, alright.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4409-0
00:21:16.434 --> 00:21:16.754
Thanks.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4411-0
00:21:16.594 --> 00:21:18.704
Uh, let's see if run through.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4419-0
00:21:18.714 --> 00:21:21.774
So you missed correlation
technique.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4429-0
00:21:22.604 --> 00:21:24.974
Here's an example of how that's
improved.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4457-0
00:21:25.204 --> 00:21:29.253
The top is the original result
of, the bottom is the new

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4457-1
00:21:29.253 --> 00:21:33.444
approach and and so we can take
profiles across these two.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4481-0
00:21:33.834 --> 00:21:36.960
The slides, the maps that are
showing the isn't earthquake

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4481-1
00:21:36.960 --> 00:21:39.979
that occurred 99 and this is
what that this profile look

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4481-2
00:21:39.979 --> 00:21:40.244
like.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4503-0
00:21:40.254 --> 00:21:44.692
So we get a more accurate
estimate of what the that offset

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4503-1
00:21:44.692 --> 00:21:45.294
is from.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4511-0
00:21:45.304 --> 00:21:48.254
This displacement maps OK, so
we're good.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4515-0
00:21:48.904 --> 00:21:49.264
I'm just.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4526-0
00:21:49.274 --> 00:21:53.004
You can see we're still so
moving alone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4532-0
00:21:53.764 --> 00:21:53.894
Yes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4541-0
00:21:54.434 --> 00:21:55.284
Yep, looks great.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4530-0
00:21:55.174 --> 00:21:55.544
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4535-0
00:21:55.894 --> 00:21:56.764
OK, great.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4558-0
00:21:56.834 --> 00:21:59.280
So here's the so these are the
three displacement maps for the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4558-1
00:21:59.280 --> 00:22:00.134
Ridgecrest earthquake.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4562-0
00:22:01.204 --> 00:22:02.884
And OK, I'm gonna.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4577-0
00:22:03.154 --> 00:22:05.083
I'm gonna skip through this
cause just stay a little bit of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4577-1
00:22:05.083 --> 00:22:05.244
time.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4583-0
00:22:07.904 --> 00:22:11.014
OK, so here we have here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4601-0
00:22:11.024 --> 00:22:13.724
We're kind of zooming in on a
small part of the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4625-0
00:22:13.734 --> 00:22:17.074
That where there's there's a
small transitional bend and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4625-1
00:22:17.074 --> 00:22:19.154
risk Crest rupture on the main
shock.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4637-0
00:22:19.164 --> 00:22:21.574
So this this part of the
ruptures, the main shock.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4644-0
00:22:21.584 --> 00:22:23.104
And this was the four shock
here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4686-0
00:22:24.744 --> 00:22:29.191
So here's a kind of zooming in
on a small scale transtensional

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4686-1
00:22:29.191 --> 00:22:33.214
bend, and so this last thing
here shows this the service

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4686-2
00:22:33.214 --> 00:22:37.448
motion that does indicating
right lateral motion across the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4686-3
00:22:37.448 --> 00:22:38.154
structure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4718-0
00:22:38.164 --> 00:22:41.832
You could see up here these
service vectors are moving away

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4718-1
00:22:41.832 --> 00:22:45.683
from each other and so if you
look at the dilational component

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4718-2
00:22:45.683 --> 00:22:47.394
strain you can see it's one.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4768-0
00:22:47.404 --> 00:22:50.998
That's wider becomes to see the
other extension in this region,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4768-1
00:22:50.998 --> 00:22:54.256
which is what we expect given
the change in strike of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4768-2
00:22:54.256 --> 00:22:55.154
never structure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4792-0
00:22:55.164 --> 00:22:58.365
We see variation and a
delegation from extension to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4792-1
00:22:58.365 --> 00:23:02.243
compression and to contraction
and extension, because you have

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4792-2
00:23:02.243 --> 00:23:05.998
some curvature in the stripes,
that geometry default and you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4792-3
00:23:05.998 --> 00:23:07.044
can see it again.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4801-0
00:23:07.054 --> 00:23:08.974
Another example here on the
bottom.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4836-0
00:23:09.964 --> 00:23:14.503
So from these 3D displacement
maps, what we do is we draw

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4836-1
00:23:14.503 --> 00:23:18.650
these profiles across the
rupture and we can get the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4836-2
00:23:18.650 --> 00:23:21.624
surface offsets in the full
parallel.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4866-0
00:23:21.634 --> 00:23:25.820
The vertical component on the
full on full probably difficult

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4866-1
00:23:25.820 --> 00:23:30.141
component and we can measure the
offsets and of those all those

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4866-2
00:23:30.141 --> 00:23:30.884
components.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4885-0
00:23:31.434 --> 00:23:34.899
And so this is kind of analogous
again to the example I showed at

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4885-1
00:23:34.899 --> 00:23:35.424
the start.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4900-0
00:23:35.434 --> 00:23:38.214
With that fault, drag across the
Calico fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-0
00:23:38.224 --> 00:23:42.004
And how does it by itself and
asking where we're asking me

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-1
00:23:42.004 --> 00:23:45.655
that total loss set across the
rupture and this gives us

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-2
00:23:45.655 --> 00:23:49.435
basically an effective vector
across the entire fall zones

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-3
00:23:49.435 --> 00:23:53.535
just gives us the semantics of
the total offset, the slip break

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-4
00:23:53.535 --> 00:23:57.507
and the dip, the effective dip
of that of this of the rupture

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/4976-5
00:23:57.507 --> 00:24:00.454
at this point on the on the
server structure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5009-0
00:24:01.514 --> 00:24:04.529
And so with these three
definitely did in only company

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5009-1
00:24:04.529 --> 00:24:07.928
get kind of different components
of surface strain looking at

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5009-2
00:24:07.928 --> 00:24:10.834
different regions of
transgression and transcension.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5033-0
00:24:10.844 --> 00:24:14.412
But we can also analyze changes
in how select varies along the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5033-1
00:24:14.412 --> 00:24:17.584
rupture, and that's something
that we want to focus on.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5053-0
00:24:18.074 --> 00:24:21.572
So here is an example that of
the slip distribution for the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5053-1
00:24:21.572 --> 00:24:22.854
Ridgecrest earthquake.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5093-0
00:24:22.864 --> 00:24:25.655
For the main shop that showing
the blue color, show the full

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5093-1
00:24:25.655 --> 00:24:28.309
parallel component of the
displacement and the greens are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5093-2
00:24:28.309 --> 00:24:30.734
vertical and the red is the
perpendicular component.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5108-0
00:24:31.424 --> 00:24:33.593
So you're looking here from
you're looking kind of in the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5108-1
00:24:33.593 --> 00:24:34.154
West direction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5129-0
00:24:34.484 --> 00:24:36.652
So this is the showing the
duration of this this place

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5129-1
00:24:36.652 --> 00:24:37.874
along this part of the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5155-0
00:24:38.364 --> 00:24:42.234
And so we're gonna focus on this
large decrease in cosen slip

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5155-1
00:24:42.234 --> 00:24:45.354
that occurs along coincides with
this large bend.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5189-0
00:24:45.414 --> 00:24:48.396
And so this is what would relate
to us talking about the case in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5189-1
00:24:48.396 --> 00:24:50.874
day study is that we want to try
and send it to this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5213-0
00:24:51.844 --> 00:24:56.477
The effect of this band may
explain the variation of this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5213-1
00:24:56.477 --> 00:24:58.154
placement along text.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5216-0
00:24:58.404 --> 00:24:59.364
The slip profile here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5218-0
00:25:00.774 --> 00:25:01.544
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5223-0
00:25:02.054 --> 00:25:02.814
And so on.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-0
00:25:02.824 --> 00:25:06.560
The next slide here we have what
I'm showing here is an example

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-1
00:25:06.560 --> 00:25:09.771
of a number of different
synthetic faults and what I'm

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-2
00:25:09.771 --> 00:25:12.982
doing here is rotating a stress
tensor around and then

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-3
00:25:12.982 --> 00:25:16.659
projecting what the shoe stress
or the expected slip direction

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-4
00:25:16.659 --> 00:25:20.045
would be on those different
false services with different

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5280-5
00:25:20.045 --> 00:25:20.804
orientations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5336-0
00:25:20.814 --> 00:25:24.118
And so the idea is that if you
have vectors that are measured

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5336-1
00:25:24.118 --> 00:25:27.476
along the rupture, we can then
try and reconstruct what the 3D

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5336-2
00:25:27.476 --> 00:25:30.673
stress tensor is by assuming
that the slip direction occurs

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5336-3
00:25:30.673 --> 00:25:33.711
in the direction of parallel to
the shear stress on that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5336-4
00:25:33.711 --> 00:25:34.244
equipment.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5364-0
00:25:34.954 --> 00:25:38.549
And so this is falling, an
assumption called the wall spot

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5364-1
00:25:38.549 --> 00:25:42.326
assumption is pretty standard
and focal mechanism and version

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5364-2
00:25:42.326 --> 00:25:43.484
first the stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5379-0
00:25:44.134 --> 00:25:48.017
So here we implement a damped 1
regression following the push by

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5379-1
00:25:48.017 --> 00:25:48.674
Michael 84.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5399-0
00:25:49.414 --> 00:25:53.786
So from this you get a a, a a
normalized deviatoric stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5399-1
00:25:53.786 --> 00:25:54.304
tensor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5421-0
00:25:54.314 --> 00:25:56.901
So you don't get the absolute
magnitude of the stresses, you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5421-1
00:25:56.901 --> 00:25:57.834
only get the relative.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5441-0
00:25:57.844 --> 00:26:01.738
You only get the orientations of
the stresses and, but from the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5441-1
00:26:01.738 --> 00:26:03.624
and I can invite decomposition.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5471-0
00:26:03.634 --> 00:26:06.778
You can then get the relative
sizes of those principal

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5471-1
00:26:06.778 --> 00:26:10.151
stresses, and that's kind of
characterized by this R valid

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5471-2
00:26:10.151 --> 00:26:11.294
year called the art.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5486-0
00:26:11.304 --> 00:26:14.722
The shape ratio gives you a
relative sizes of the different

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5486-1
00:26:14.722 --> 00:26:15.804
principal stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5516-0
00:26:18.114 --> 00:26:21.543
OK, so here the the three
displacement maps again the next

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5516-1
00:26:21.543 --> 00:26:24.739
slide and along the entire
rupture we measure the slip

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5516-2
00:26:24.739 --> 00:26:25.204
factors.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5559-0
00:26:25.474 --> 00:26:29.349
So the bottom figure here it's
showing and the variation in the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5559-1
00:26:29.349 --> 00:26:33.344
rate and so you need a a diverse
range and rake in order to get a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5559-2
00:26:33.344 --> 00:26:36.674
good accurate constraint on what
the stress tensor is.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5571-0
00:26:37.284 --> 00:26:40.294
So fortunately for richcrest,
it's kind of complex rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5599-0
00:26:40.304 --> 00:26:43.484
So we have enough variability in
the right to do that and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5599-1
00:26:43.484 --> 00:26:46.254
bottom here shows the managed to
slip on the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5635-0
00:26:46.304 --> 00:26:49.066
So until we have about 2 and 40
slip back to measurements,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5635-1
00:26:49.066 --> 00:26:51.968
measure about every 150 meters
along the upper case, you have

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5635-2
00:26:51.968 --> 00:26:54.074
these fairly high resolution
optical images.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5673-0
00:26:56.144 --> 00:26:59.782
So the next slide here, uh, I'm
showing and how we kind of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5673-1
00:26:59.782 --> 00:27:03.667
partition the the rupture into
three different zones along the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5673-2
00:27:03.667 --> 00:27:07.244
main shock fault here we have
the North Central and South

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5673-3
00:27:07.244 --> 00:27:07.614
zones.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5692-0
00:27:07.824 --> 00:27:11.814
And so for each of those zones,
we invert for the stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5692-1
00:27:11.814 --> 00:27:13.634
orientation to the bottom.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5705-0
00:27:13.644 --> 00:27:18.074
Here I'm showing a stereograph
for the South zone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5715-0
00:27:18.144 --> 00:27:21.534
So these colors are showing the
font stability.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5742-0
00:27:21.544 --> 00:27:24.602
All the find that little later,
but it's essentially giving idea

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5742-1
00:27:24.602 --> 00:27:27.284
of how optimally aligned default
is to the stress field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5767-0
00:27:28.004 --> 00:27:32.083
These Gray vectors show the
expected orientation of slip and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5767-1
00:27:32.083 --> 00:27:36.094
which Andy Black lines are
showing the observed directions.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5777-0
00:27:36.104 --> 00:27:38.464
A slip and these dots are
showing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5791-0
00:27:38.474 --> 00:27:41.529
Since she's a pulled the planes
for each fault surface that we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5791-1
00:27:41.529 --> 00:27:42.644
measure in the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5831-0
00:27:42.694 --> 00:27:46.549
So you can see here these black
vectors are green pretty well

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5831-1
00:27:46.549 --> 00:27:50.280
with the direction inspected by
the stress, but there's the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5831-2
00:27:50.280 --> 00:27:52.954
stress model that we voted from
and so on.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5856-0
00:27:52.964 --> 00:27:55.768
The right here we're showing the
stress orientations and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5856-1
00:27:55.768 --> 00:27:58.204
stereo lower hemisphere
stereograph or the stereonet

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5856-2
00:27:58.204 --> 00:27:58.434
here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5879-0
00:27:59.114 --> 00:28:02.202
So we have Sigma one kind of
almost more S Sigma 2 almost

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5879-1
00:28:02.202 --> 00:28:04.864
around the vertical and Sigma 3
almost east West.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5914-0
00:28:05.334 --> 00:28:07.908
So this is kind of a classical
andersonian instructs that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5914-1
00:28:07.908 --> 00:28:10.659
regime we can look at how this
varies along their option from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5914-2
00:28:10.659 --> 00:28:11.324
South to north.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5962-0
00:28:11.674 --> 00:28:15.615
And one thing to say another is
there's quite a lot going on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5962-1
00:28:15.615 --> 00:28:19.428
this diagram, but one thing to
say is notive is is how the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5962-2
00:28:19.428 --> 00:28:23.175
sitting one azimuth kind of
rotates about 12 degrees from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/5962-3
00:28:23.175 --> 00:28:24.144
South to north.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6002-0
00:28:24.284 --> 00:28:27.750
You can see single one is almost
NS here and then Sigma 2 has

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6002-1
00:28:27.750 --> 00:28:31.160
this kind of North NE direction
of about 12 degrees north of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6002-2
00:28:31.160 --> 00:28:32.334
East, East and north.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6050-0
00:28:33.264 --> 00:28:36.833
And so one of the things they
note note of is these are these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6050-1
00:28:36.833 --> 00:28:40.113
are the symbols here are showing
the stress orientations

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6050-2
00:28:40.113 --> 00:28:43.567
determined from a background
with the solid colors are from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6050-3
00:28:43.567 --> 00:28:45.984
background and the background
says Misty.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6080-0
00:28:46.534 --> 00:28:50.325
And so what's what's really
interesting thing about this is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6080-1
00:28:50.325 --> 00:28:54.052
how the stress state determined
from a slip that disagrees

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6080-2
00:28:54.052 --> 00:28:56.074
pretty well with the background.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6116-0
00:28:57.004 --> 00:28:59.527
The stress is from the
background says messy, so it it

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6116-1
00:28:59.527 --> 00:29:02.509
indicates that the the slip back
through, we saw that slipped in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6116-2
00:29:02.509 --> 00:29:02.784
there.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6125-0
00:29:02.794 --> 00:29:07.964
Earthquake and are that's
occurring in the rotation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6139-0
00:29:07.974 --> 00:29:11.996
That, uh, consistently will be
expected from the background and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6139-1
00:29:11.996 --> 00:29:13.064
the stress field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6141-0
00:29:14.184 --> 00:29:14.974
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6180-0
00:29:15.284 --> 00:29:18.144
And then the second thing, the
other thing we see is this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6180-1
00:29:18.144 --> 00:29:21.251
change in the our, our valley,
the shape ratio value from from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6180-2
00:29:21.251 --> 00:29:23.914
South to north little rupture,
it starts to decrease.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6208-0
00:29:23.924 --> 00:29:27.327
So that from about .5 to .2 and
that's indicating that the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6208-1
00:29:27.327 --> 00:29:30.153
ruptures being more
transtensional from South to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6208-2
00:29:30.153 --> 00:29:31.364
north on the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6249-0
00:29:33.884 --> 00:29:37.737
And here's just the the next
slide, showing them a comparison

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6249-1
00:29:37.737 --> 00:29:41.218
of the observed the betas and
black with those that are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6249-2
00:29:41.218 --> 00:29:43.144
predicted from our stress mode.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6284-0
00:29:43.154 --> 00:29:46.540
You can see there's very good
agreement between our observed

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6284-1
00:29:46.540 --> 00:29:49.871
and predicted slip factors and
these two pots here are just

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6284-2
00:29:49.871 --> 00:29:52.424
showing the comparison of the of
the fitting.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6295-0
00:29:52.694 --> 00:29:54.634
So we find about an angular
median.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6318-0
00:29:54.644 --> 00:29:59.148
Angular misfit about four
degrees and the band 90s burns

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6318-1
00:29:59.148 --> 00:30:01.044
reduction between these.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6328-0
00:30:01.394 --> 00:30:04.734
These two slip factors between
the parents and the observed.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6366-0
00:30:06.224 --> 00:30:09.852
OK, so now that we have a stress
tensor for different parts of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6366-1
00:30:09.852 --> 00:30:13.366
the rupture for the Ridgecrest
event for that main shop, you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6366-2
00:30:13.366 --> 00:30:15.554
can show this graphically more
space.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6372-0
00:30:15.924 --> 00:30:16.404
And So what?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6412-0
00:30:16.414 --> 00:30:20.375
I'm more circle is is to remind
you, it's been a while since you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6412-1
00:30:20.375 --> 00:30:24.275
looked at one and he's got his
way to graphically represent the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6412-2
00:30:24.275 --> 00:30:26.834
sheer normal stresses on a fault
surface.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6462-0
00:30:27.264 --> 00:30:31.624
So and here we have an example
of a fault plane and that has

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6462-1
00:30:31.624 --> 00:30:36.056
some orientation as inclined to
Sigma one and Sigma 3, and so

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6462-2
00:30:36.056 --> 00:30:40.201
that would have some shear
stress that's projected on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6462-3
00:30:40.201 --> 00:30:42.774
fault plane and some normal
stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6477-0
00:30:43.334 --> 00:30:45.687
And then here we have another
fault plane that will be plotted

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6477-1
00:30:45.687 --> 00:30:45.874
here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-0
00:30:45.884 --> 00:30:49.521
It has a large deviation or
inclination from Sigma one, and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-1
00:30:49.521 --> 00:30:53.278
they'll be plotted over here
with a larger normal stress, and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-2
00:30:53.278 --> 00:30:57.036
so the the principal stresses we
will be plotted on this axis

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-3
00:30:57.036 --> 00:31:00.430
here, where the principal
stresses, by definition of no

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-4
00:31:00.430 --> 00:31:04.309
shear stresses on the surface,
and so this is actually what our

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6549-5
00:31:04.309 --> 00:31:05.824
stress tensor looks like.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6588-0
00:31:06.034 --> 00:31:09.688
Our 3D stress sensor, these
three black solid lines and this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6588-1
00:31:09.688 --> 00:31:12.802
is shown here in polar
coordinates and so again you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6588-2
00:31:12.802 --> 00:31:16.336
know we have the stress tensor,
we don't have the absolute

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6588-3
00:31:16.336 --> 00:31:17.534
manage the stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6612-0
00:31:17.544 --> 00:31:20.075
So we don't know where this more
circle is and absolute stress,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6612-1
00:31:20.075 --> 00:31:21.814
we don't know the size of this
more circle.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6620-0
00:31:22.164 --> 00:31:23.834
We only have the relative sizes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6651-0
00:31:23.844 --> 00:31:26.646
We know the relative distances
between these principal stresses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6651-1
00:31:26.646 --> 00:31:29.447
and more space, so we don't know
if any of these properties you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6651-2
00:31:29.447 --> 00:31:30.454
added in at the moment.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6656-0
00:31:31.384 --> 00:31:31.714
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6692-0
00:31:31.724 --> 00:31:35.134
So the next slide I'm showing is
how you can try and estimate the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6692-1
00:31:35.134 --> 00:31:38.441
the maximum shear stress in the
crust and we do that by looking

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6692-2
00:31:38.441 --> 00:31:40.714
at measuring our temporal stress
rotations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6738-0
00:31:41.064 --> 00:31:45.309
So this is the idea here is that
when you have a stressful event

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6738-1
00:31:45.309 --> 00:31:48.966
like an earthquake, it will
perturb the stresses in the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6738-2
00:31:48.966 --> 00:31:53.014
cross that can cause a rotation
in in the local stress field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6783-0
00:31:53.024 --> 00:31:56.465
If that stress drop is large in
comparison to the mountain of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6783-1
00:31:56.465 --> 00:31:59.738
the stresses and the cross, so
there's a dependence on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6783-2
00:31:59.738 --> 00:32:03.123
ratio of the stress shot with
the and the mountains of shear

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6783-3
00:32:03.123 --> 00:32:04.344
stresses in the cross.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6794-0
00:32:04.694 --> 00:32:06.334
So like risks is a big event.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6852-0
00:32:06.374 --> 00:32:09.729
There is a large stress for the
large, stressful event and it

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6852-1
00:32:09.729 --> 00:32:13.084
did induce a rotation in the
local stresses and so we can use

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6852-2
00:32:13.084 --> 00:32:16.385
that to back out what's the
maximum stress and the cross and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6852-3
00:32:16.385 --> 00:32:19.685
I'll show the next slide will
give us the radius of our more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6852-4
00:32:19.685 --> 00:32:20.064
circle.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-0
00:32:20.654 --> 00:32:25.089
And so for the stress job, we
actually use values taken near

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-1
00:32:25.089 --> 00:32:28.869
the surface, so that gives us
the stress about four

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-2
00:32:28.869 --> 00:32:33.376
megapascals and mention that
stress rotation by comparing our

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-3
00:32:33.376 --> 00:32:37.520
stress orientations from our
stress model which which we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-4
00:32:37.520 --> 00:32:42.172
assume is representing the pre
stress state and then we compare

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6917-5
00:32:42.172 --> 00:32:45.734
that to the stress orientation
from aftershocks.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6951-0
00:32:45.744 --> 00:32:49.271
This is an example here from
Oxon drone showing the stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6951-1
00:32:49.271 --> 00:32:52.918
orientations on the structure
from focal mechanisms and then

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6951-2
00:32:52.918 --> 00:32:53.874
we can back out.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/6954-0
00:32:53.884 --> 00:32:54.894
What is the?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7000-0
00:32:55.264 --> 00:32:58.404
What is Delta Sigma that the
maximum shear stress or also

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7000-1
00:32:58.404 --> 00:33:01.815
sometimes called the deviator
stress magnitude and that's from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7000-2
00:33:01.815 --> 00:33:05.117
graphically on this on this plot
here and it's given by this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7000-3
00:33:05.117 --> 00:33:05.604
equation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7028-0
00:33:05.614 --> 00:33:08.922
This was laid out by heart
attack and hooks, and it's a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7028-1
00:33:08.922 --> 00:33:12.526
fairly standard approach when
trying to estimate the maximum

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7028-2
00:33:12.526 --> 00:33:13.294
shear stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7043-0
00:33:13.344 --> 00:33:16.274
OK, so now we have an estimate
for the central zone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7083-0
00:33:16.284 --> 00:33:19.465
We find a find a delta Sigma
maximum shear stress about 9

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7083-1
00:33:19.465 --> 00:33:22.701
megapascals from the stress
rotations so that now gives us

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7083-2
00:33:22.701 --> 00:33:26.156
the radius or more circle or the
maximum shear stress that you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7083-3
00:33:26.156 --> 00:33:26.924
can plot here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7115-0
00:33:27.034 --> 00:33:29.840
So we're making some progress
now we we know what the radius

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7115-1
00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:32.692
is, more circle is, but we still
don't know it's location and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7115-2
00:33:32.692 --> 00:33:33.704
absolute stress space.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7160-0
00:33:34.674 --> 00:33:38.693
Now we can plot actually all
these different slit surfaces

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7160-1
00:33:38.693 --> 00:33:42.440
and in in this in this more
space, because we know the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7160-2
00:33:42.440 --> 00:33:46.118
orientation of the of the fault
services, we know the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7160-3
00:33:46.118 --> 00:33:48.434
orientation of the stress
tensor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7190-0
00:33:48.444 --> 00:33:51.992
We can project the and the
normalized shear stress and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7190-1
00:33:51.992 --> 00:33:55.540
normalized normal stress on
those folks, and then scale up

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7190-2
00:33:55.540 --> 00:33:57.464
by the the maximum shear stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-0
00:33:57.474 --> 00:34:01.006
So you can plot that within the
more circle and what we see is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-1
00:34:01.006 --> 00:34:04.482
interesting is that the color
shows you the magnitude of slip

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-2
00:34:04.482 --> 00:34:07.958
that shows a gradual tapering
away of those fault services as

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-3
00:34:07.958 --> 00:34:11.546
they become more missile aligned
to the stressful or as they as

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-4
00:34:11.546 --> 00:34:15.135
you go more and more along this
fault bend and you can see that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-5
00:34:15.135 --> 00:34:18.611
there's the the normal stress is
increasing along these these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-6
00:34:18.611 --> 00:34:22.087
these fractures, these false
surfaces that slipped here along

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7289-7
00:34:22.087 --> 00:34:25.114
just the central central bands
here about 19 degrees.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7305-0
00:34:27.404 --> 00:34:29.854
So now we have to give the
initial stress they come.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7352-0
00:34:29.864 --> 00:34:34.109
What can we then trying to
terminate and say something with

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7352-1
00:34:34.109 --> 00:34:38.141
friction and and so the way
we're gonna do this is we're

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7352-2
00:34:38.141 --> 00:34:42.244
going to look at how the initial
shear stress varies as a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7352-3
00:34:42.244 --> 00:34:44.154
function along the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7415-0
00:34:44.764 --> 00:34:48.283
So the idea is an example here
is if you have a fault, sorry,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7415-1
00:34:48.283 --> 00:34:51.801
misaligned to the stress field
as a high inclination to Sigma

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7415-2
00:34:51.801 --> 00:34:55.376
one, you expect that it would
have a small stress drop because

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7415-3
00:34:55.376 --> 00:34:59.122
you'd have a lower initial shear
stress and so the stress off can

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7415-4
00:34:59.122 --> 00:35:00.824
be given by a simple equation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7432-0
00:35:00.834 --> 00:35:03.693
Here there's difference between
initial sharing stress and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7432-1
00:35:03.693 --> 00:35:04.964
dynamic shares shear stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7466-0
00:35:04.974 --> 00:35:09.166
So it's kind of shown by this
example of how the friction may

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7466-1
00:35:09.166 --> 00:35:13.019
vary as a function of display,
and this is a linear slip

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7466-2
00:35:13.019 --> 00:35:14.574
weakening diagram here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7512-0
00:35:14.584 --> 00:35:19.028
We're not assuming how that
friction varies a slip, so we're

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7512-1
00:35:19.028 --> 00:35:23.546
not assuming lines that we can
or or a raise safe formulation

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7512-2
00:35:23.546 --> 00:35:27.334
is this is just a simple quasi
static umm analysis.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7549-0
00:35:27.344 --> 00:35:30.583
So here we're what we're trying
to do is look at how that that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7549-1
00:35:30.583 --> 00:35:33.771
initial shear stress will vary
along different fault services

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7549-2
00:35:33.771 --> 00:35:36.444
of different inclinations to the
the stress tensor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7580-0
00:35:37.074 --> 00:35:40.312
Because folks that have a more
optimally aligned will have a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7580-1
00:35:40.312 --> 00:35:43.550
higher shear stress, initial
shear stress and therefore have

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7580-2
00:35:43.550 --> 00:35:44.664
a higher stress drop.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7589-0
00:35:44.834 --> 00:35:46.404
Currently shown by this diagram.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7591-0
00:35:46.954 --> 00:35:47.444
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7616-0
00:35:47.734 --> 00:35:51.977
And so you can then relate that
stress drop to the closing

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7616-1
00:35:51.977 --> 00:35:54.494
decision D and using the
equation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7630-0
00:35:54.504 --> 00:35:57.494
So dummies aside, joining width
sees a geometrical factor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7668-0
00:35:57.504 --> 00:36:00.856
It's kind of related to the full
dimensions and G is the sheer

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7668-1
00:36:00.856 --> 00:36:04.047
modulus, and so the idea is here
is to try and increase the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7668-2
00:36:04.047 --> 00:36:06.654
dependency of how that shear
stress the initial.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7690-0
00:36:06.664 --> 00:36:09.327
That's right, the initial share
says varies as a function of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7690-1
00:36:09.327 --> 00:36:11.334
inclination of the fault
services stress tensor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7728-0
00:36:12.204 --> 00:36:14.590
So some assumptions here which
is, you know, one this is a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7728-1
00:36:14.590 --> 00:36:17.097
quality static analysis, not
assuming how that's the friction

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7728-2
00:36:17.097 --> 00:36:18.634
varies as a function of
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7749-0
00:36:18.944 --> 00:36:23.013
And we're also assuming that the
dynamic shear stress or friction

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7749-1
00:36:23.013 --> 00:36:25.664
is constant within each of these
segments.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7794-0
00:36:25.674 --> 00:36:29.588
We usually zones and the idea
justification we use for that is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7794-1
00:36:29.588 --> 00:36:33.689
once you've reached some kind of
quasi, some dynamic steady state

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7794-2
00:36:33.689 --> 00:36:37.479
friction, it should be fairly
constant and that's seen in in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7794-3
00:36:37.479 --> 00:36:38.784
most lab experiments.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7804-0
00:36:39.084 --> 00:36:40.714
But that is kind of the key
assumption.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7808-0
00:36:41.754 --> 00:36:43.724
So here I'm showing you the.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7822-0
00:36:45.654 --> 00:36:48.204
This is the stress of equation
and the equation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7867-0
00:36:48.214 --> 00:36:52.173
So we combine these two to
essentially end up with this,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7867-1
00:36:52.173 --> 00:36:56.618
something a bit uglier, but what
it includes is how the initial

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7867-2
00:36:56.618 --> 00:37:00.507
shear stresses vary as a
function of orientation of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7867-3
00:37:00.507 --> 00:37:04.744
full service with the with the,
with the known stress field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7881-0
00:37:04.834 --> 00:37:06.624
And so that's why I have all
these cosine and sine term.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7886-0
00:37:06.634 --> 00:37:06.934
Just give.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7922-0
00:37:06.944 --> 00:37:11.039
These are just geometrical terms
that are are giving idea of how

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7922-1
00:37:11.039 --> 00:37:14.630
this year stretched very and so
now we know we have some

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7922-2
00:37:14.630 --> 00:37:17.024
constraint in some of these
promises.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7955-0
00:37:17.034 --> 00:37:20.482
So we know W this like any width
15 kilometers, would take from a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7955-1
00:37:20.482 --> 00:37:21.004
sub model.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7984-0
00:37:21.474 --> 00:37:24.684
The sheer modulus geometrical
factor is the shape of each of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7984-1
00:37:24.684 --> 00:37:27.736
the of the fall, and each of
these segments we have Delta

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7984-2
00:37:27.736 --> 00:37:31.209
Sigma and we know displacing the
manager because we get that from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/7984-3
00:37:31.209 --> 00:37:33.524
our displacement service
displacement maps.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8023-0
00:37:33.874 --> 00:37:38.235
So now the only known you're
left with are these terms here,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8023-1
00:37:38.235 --> 00:37:42.740
which is the dynamic friction
and Phi and and and flags, which

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8023-2
00:37:42.740 --> 00:37:45.814
can be really back to the static
friction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8038-0
00:37:45.824 --> 00:37:48.920
And so we're like these two
terms to the static and dynamic

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8038-1
00:37:48.920 --> 00:37:49.384
friction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8058-0
00:37:49.394 --> 00:37:54.139
And so we have a an equation
that we can invert for and which

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8058-1
00:37:54.139 --> 00:37:54.904
I'll show.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8071-0
00:37:54.914 --> 00:37:56.704
I'll show the results of that in
the next slide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8087-0
00:37:56.774 --> 00:37:59.490
Then one term I just wanna
introduce you too is the fonts

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8087-1
00:37:59.490 --> 00:37:59.864
ability.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8121-0
00:37:59.874 --> 00:38:03.224
Again, I'm I mention that
briefly before and this is and I

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8121-1
00:38:03.224 --> 00:38:06.800
turn on which kind of compactly
characterizes how well off the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8121-2
00:38:06.800 --> 00:38:09.014
aligned the fault is the stress
field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8161-0
00:38:09.024 --> 00:38:12.715
So if you have this more circle
diagram again as you go from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8161-1
00:38:12.715 --> 00:38:16.405
zero to 1, the fonts ability
increases as you get as a fault

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8161-2
00:38:16.405 --> 00:38:19.854
surface gets closer and closer
to that failure criteria.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8175-0
00:38:22.494 --> 00:38:24.564
OK, so here's the locally on the
slide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8180-0
00:38:24.574 --> 00:38:24.904
But why?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8195-0
00:38:24.914 --> 00:38:28.714
I wanna and that's what you
should focus on here is this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8223-0
00:38:28.724 --> 00:38:31.787
Is this this point here is
showing me dissuasive magnitude

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8223-1
00:38:31.787 --> 00:38:34.434
on this axis as a function of
the fonts stability.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8229-0
00:38:34.444 --> 00:38:36.394
So larger values will indicate.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8241-0
00:38:36.524 --> 00:38:38.194
Put some more often aligned to
stress field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8284-0
00:38:38.204 --> 00:38:41.464
You can see that as you have
full services are more and more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8284-1
00:38:41.464 --> 00:38:44.724
poorly aligned to slip starts to
taper and this is these are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8284-2
00:38:44.724 --> 00:38:46.594
points are taking along this
band.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8298-0
00:38:46.604 --> 00:38:49.394
You can see the displacement
magnitude decreases along the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8298-1
00:38:49.394 --> 00:38:49.914
main shock.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8339-0
00:38:50.304 --> 00:38:54.127
The rupture along the main shock
of the Ridgecrest rupture and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8339-1
00:38:54.127 --> 00:38:57.465
then in this section here we
have this probably have a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8339-2
00:38:57.465 --> 00:39:00.985
decrease in the fonts ability
because the this band is is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8339-3
00:39:00.985 --> 00:39:01.834
compressional.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8368-0
00:39:01.844 --> 00:39:04.762
You can see there's the
directions of H Max, the massive

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8368-1
00:39:04.762 --> 00:39:08.039
compressive direction, and the
the rupture is probably more and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8368-2
00:39:08.039 --> 00:39:09.114
more fog onal to the.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-0
00:39:10.894 --> 00:39:15.693
To the the pre massive the pre
horizontal compressive stress OK

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-1
00:39:15.693 --> 00:39:20.043
and so this red line here
showing our model fit to the to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-2
00:39:20.043 --> 00:39:23.942
the observations so that
variation displayed on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-3
00:39:23.942 --> 00:39:28.517
rupture and and so here we are
dynamic friction value at .29

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-4
00:39:28.517 --> 00:39:33.241
and a static value of .61 from
this from the from the fit here

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-5
00:39:33.241 --> 00:39:37.890
and so now we have an idea of
what's the failure criteria and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-6
00:39:37.890 --> 00:39:42.390
what is the static failure
envelope and so now you can kind

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8484-7
00:39:42.390 --> 00:39:47.264
of think of this as effectively
tracking and there's more stuff.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8527-0
00:39:47.274 --> 00:39:50.788
We know where this more circle
must be tangent to this failure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8527-1
00:39:50.788 --> 00:39:54.246
criteria in here and so what's
interesting is if you plot the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8527-2
00:39:54.246 --> 00:39:56.979
false service where the
epicenter occurred, it's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8527-3
00:39:56.979 --> 00:40:00.381
actually located right here,
which is actually very close to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8527-4
00:40:00.381 --> 00:40:00.604
the.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8546-0
00:40:02.374 --> 00:40:06.484
Where the more circle meets
this, a fictional envelopes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8546-1
00:40:06.484 --> 00:40:07.854
That's encouraging.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8564-0
00:40:08.694 --> 00:40:11.639
And so you can see here also
we're assuming that there's no

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8564-1
00:40:11.639 --> 00:40:12.964
cohesion, that the failure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-0
00:40:12.974 --> 00:40:17.162
I'm envelope goes through the
origin here that there's no in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-1
00:40:17.162 --> 00:40:21.625
initial shear stress that cause
failure, and we're assuming that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-2
00:40:21.625 --> 00:40:25.882
from the fact that the rupture
will the fault was preexisting

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-3
00:40:25.882 --> 00:40:30.414
and that's being shown from this
Jessica JOBS study and something

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-4
00:40:30.414 --> 00:40:34.946
just study that was published in
USA and this is then showing the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8642-5
00:40:34.946 --> 00:40:38.104
frictional envelope for the
dynamic friction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8656-0
00:40:38.164 --> 00:40:40.114
And so you can see here that
kind of encapsulates.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8695-0
00:40:40.124 --> 00:40:45.109
If you like all of the different
fault services within the more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8695-1
00:40:45.109 --> 00:40:50.016
space, so from this we can then
calculate what are the, what's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8695-2
00:40:50.016 --> 00:40:54.534
the angle of the critical fault
surface that that failed.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8725-0
00:40:54.704 --> 00:40:58.096
You can also then get the
initial shear stress on that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8725-1
00:40:58.096 --> 00:41:01.857
critical false surface, which is
about 7 megapascals and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8725-2
00:41:01.857 --> 00:41:03.214
initial normal stress.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8774-0
00:41:05.084 --> 00:41:09.188
And because we know and you, and
so they can calculate P, which

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8774-1
00:41:09.188 --> 00:41:13.164
is the confined pressure because
we know Delta Sigma which is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8774-2
00:41:13.164 --> 00:41:17.140
that maximum shear stress that
we got from temporal structure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8774-3
00:41:17.140 --> 00:41:20.474
station, we can do some simple
geometry to get PDF.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8798-0
00:41:20.484 --> 00:41:24.036
We know the initial normal
stress, so now we've got this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8798-1
00:41:24.036 --> 00:41:27.774
kind of more circle of trapped
in an absolute stress space.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8813-0
00:41:27.784 --> 00:41:30.655
We can then calculate what our
signal 1/2 and three because we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8813-1
00:41:30.655 --> 00:41:30.974
know P.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8848-0
00:41:30.984 --> 00:41:35.228
Now we know Delta Sigma the
radius is more circle and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8848-1
00:41:35.228 --> 00:41:39.546
the main stress and you get
values of ranging from 9 to 26

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8848-2
00:41:39.546 --> 00:41:40.424
megapascals.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8855-0
00:41:40.434 --> 00:41:42.164
For Sigma 1, Sigma 3, Sigma 2.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8862-0
00:41:42.734 --> 00:41:44.404
So now we know Sigma 2.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8910-0
00:41:44.634 --> 00:41:47.796
You can flip that around using
the kind of well known rogy hate

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8910-1
00:41:47.796 --> 00:41:50.513
equation, and you can say what
is the depth that these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8910-2
00:41:50.513 --> 00:41:53.033
strategies that were
constraining, what what's the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8910-3
00:41:53.033 --> 00:41:54.564
depth of the representative of.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8929-0
00:41:55.574 --> 00:42:00.753
So assuming that the poor
pressures hydrostatic, we get a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8929-1
00:42:00.753 --> 00:42:03.164
value about 1.3 kilometres.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8970-0
00:42:03.174 --> 00:42:06.626
So we're saying we're showing
here that the this is indicating

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8970-1
00:42:06.626 --> 00:42:10.077
that the stresses that were kind
of constraining are really in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/8970-2
00:42:10.077 --> 00:42:12.214
the top shallow portions of the
cross.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9020-0
00:42:13.804 --> 00:42:16.638
They're not not a subject that
so just to summarize in this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9020-1
00:42:16.638 --> 00:42:19.754
first part of the talk, we found
evidence for a specially varying

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9020-2
00:42:19.754 --> 00:42:22.682
heterogeneous stresses about in
front of about 12 of you were

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9020-3
00:42:22.682 --> 00:42:24.524
station of single, one on the
rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9039-0
00:42:25.374 --> 00:42:29.830
We've from from a more cool
feeling criterion with a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9039-1
00:42:29.830 --> 00:42:31.764
cholestatic assumption.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9047-0
00:42:31.934 --> 00:42:35.464
I'm trying to look at how a
decision.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9084-0
00:42:35.514 --> 00:42:39.508
Very varies along these these
compressional bends that's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9084-1
00:42:39.508 --> 00:42:43.782
expected from from theoretical
work by Kasen Day, we come up

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9084-2
00:42:43.782 --> 00:42:46.724
with static and dynamic values
of points.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9121-0
00:42:47.014 --> 00:42:51.787
One and .29 and from that we can
then back out what the absolute

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9121-1
00:42:51.787 --> 00:42:56.487
managing stress is in the crash
in the shallow cross are OK, so

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9121-2
00:42:56.487 --> 00:42:56.854
yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9171-0
00:42:56.864 --> 00:43:00.536
And if you wanna read more about
this in this published than Jr

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9171-1
00:43:00.536 --> 00:43:04.266
last year, OK, so now I want to
and shift gears a little bit and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9171-2
00:43:04.266 --> 00:43:07.364
look at the caravan rush
earthquakes that occurred in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9171-3
00:43:07.364 --> 00:43:08.684
Turkey and in February.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9196-0
00:43:08.694 --> 00:43:11.847
So when this event happened, we
were interested in trying to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9196-1
00:43:11.847 --> 00:43:14.999
apply this frictional analysis
to to this to this earthquake

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9196-2
00:43:14.999 --> 00:43:15.464
sequence.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9227-0
00:43:15.834 --> 00:43:21.666
So this is a pretty fairly
complex event started with

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9227-1
00:43:21.666 --> 00:43:26.094
amount of 7.8 that then
triggered a 7.6.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9237-0
00:43:26.104 --> 00:43:28.944
Uh, then, on a different false
system.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9255-0
00:43:29.244 --> 00:43:33.065
And so this event happened on
the Internet, telling fault in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9255-1
00:43:33.065 --> 00:43:34.694
Southeast Turkey actually.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9294-0
00:43:35.694 --> 00:43:39.477
Uh and initiated on a triple
junction between the Arabian

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9294-1
00:43:39.477 --> 00:43:43.129
Plate, the tooling and play on
the African plate, which

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9294-2
00:43:43.129 --> 00:43:46.064
actually isn't showing here in
this diagram.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9337-0
00:43:46.434 --> 00:43:50.347
But these these you sound slowly
fall is part of a system with

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9337-1
00:43:50.347 --> 00:43:53.949
the north on telling full that's
essentially accommodated

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9337-2
00:43:53.949 --> 00:43:57.862
eastward extrusion of Anatolia
due to the collision of Arabian

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9337-3
00:43:57.862 --> 00:43:59.104
played with Eurasia.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9390-0
00:43:59.494 --> 00:44:02.801
So you can see there's a better
diagram actually from the USGS,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9390-1
00:44:02.801 --> 00:44:05.746
which is a from you guys, which
was a great resource and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9390-2
00:44:05.746 --> 00:44:09.001
understanding the and the, the,
the tonics would also the kind

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9390-3
00:44:09.001 --> 00:44:11.584
of latest information what's
going on with Savan.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9400-0
00:44:12.814 --> 00:44:14.204
And so you can see here this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9437-0
00:44:14.294 --> 00:44:17.392
This is actually where the
eruption initiated on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9437-1
00:44:17.392 --> 00:44:21.192
actually occurred on the gnarly
fault here, and which is what we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9426-0
00:44:19.264 --> 00:44:20.654
Chris, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9453-0
00:44:20.724 --> 00:44:23.880
Sorry, I I think you might be
advancing your slides again, but

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9437-2
00:44:21.192 --> 00:44:21.484
yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9453-1
00:44:23.880 --> 00:44:26.334
we're stuck on the slide that
says central zone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9469-0
00:44:26.584 --> 00:44:28.814
So we're not seeing anything
about the Turkey earthquakes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9464-0
00:44:27.294 --> 00:44:27.744
On a.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9476-0
00:44:29.774 --> 00:44:30.554
You know, I'm saying it.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9499-0
00:44:30.164 --> 00:44:34.534
Uh, OK, that's that is.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9500-0
00:44:31.664 --> 00:44:34.644
Or is it working fine for
others?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9488-0
00:44:31.794 --> 00:44:32.794
Yeah, it's working OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9506-0
00:44:34.724 --> 00:44:35.544
It's working for me.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9507-0
00:44:35.264 --> 00:44:36.344
Yes, yes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9521-0
00:44:36.264 --> 00:44:39.684
OK, OK, that might be an issue
with my teams.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9518-0
00:44:37.994 --> 00:44:39.064
Ohh OK weird.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9524-0
00:44:40.784 --> 00:44:42.114
Then please proceed.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9559-0
00:44:41.114 --> 00:44:44.760
Uh, well, well, well, I'll just
jump back out quickly and I'll

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9535-0
00:44:42.204 --> 00:44:43.334
Ohh, now I see you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9552-0
00:44:43.344 --> 00:44:43.844
Now I see you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9559-1
00:44:44.760 --> 00:44:46.554
come back in just to make sure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9564-0
00:44:46.314 --> 00:44:46.454
Yes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9566-0
00:44:46.564 --> 00:44:48.244
I'll on the same page.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9572-0
00:44:48.874 --> 00:44:49.214
Wow.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9576-0
00:44:49.034 --> 00:44:50.144
Don't leave you guys behind.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9581-0
00:44:51.594 --> 00:44:52.674
Let's do it again.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9585-0
00:44:52.684 --> 00:44:53.524
Let's see.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9590-0
00:44:57.284 --> 00:44:57.794
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9593-0
00:44:57.804 --> 00:44:58.534
How do you get out?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9600-0
00:45:05.204 --> 00:45:06.334
My best.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9602-0
00:45:08.124 --> 00:45:09.094
OK, here you are.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9604-0
00:45:12.384 --> 00:45:12.784
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9617-0
00:45:13.964 --> 00:45:15.044
Sharing again.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9612-0
00:45:16.334 --> 00:45:16.954
Thanks, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9632-0
00:45:16.964 --> 00:45:18.664
Sorry if that was a problem
though, just affecting me.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9630-0
00:45:19.304 --> 00:45:20.664
No, no, no, it's fine.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9634-0
00:45:20.674 --> 00:45:21.034
Thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9649-0
00:45:21.044 --> 00:45:23.104
Please let me know if you're
behind.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9666-0
00:45:22.444 --> 00:45:24.954
Yep, I I see Turkey now.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9655-0
00:45:24.034 --> 00:45:24.324
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9664-0
00:45:24.334 --> 00:45:26.284
So you're we're on the camera
tricks.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9670-0
00:45:26.414 --> 00:45:26.994
OK. Perfect.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9673-0
00:45:26.504 --> 00:45:27.504
Yep, thanks.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9678-0
00:45:28.064 --> 00:45:29.894
Uh, OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9681-0
00:45:29.944 --> 00:45:31.444
So how much earthquake?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9693-0
00:45:33.804 --> 00:45:35.274
See for the points are back.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-0
00:45:36.594 --> 00:45:39.946
OK, so the newly fault is
located just northeast trending

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-1
00:45:39.946 --> 00:45:43.471
fault where the where the 97
point initiated and occurred on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-2
00:45:43.471 --> 00:45:46.881
the northern extension but
thought the north extension the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-3
00:45:46.881 --> 00:45:50.175
density fall which which is
interesting because it means

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-4
00:45:50.175 --> 00:45:53.526
that this ruptured a triple
junction and so they're up to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-5
00:45:53.526 --> 00:45:56.994
initiate here propagated towards
the North East and then it

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-6
00:45:56.994 --> 00:46:00.519
Russia bilaterally on the East
Anatolian Fault for about 300

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-7
00:46:00.519 --> 00:46:04.102
kilometers and then nine hours
ago we had the 7.6 which is on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-8
00:46:04.102 --> 00:46:07.743
this kind of east West oriented
Sergiu Char Dot fault and just

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9827-9
00:46:07.743 --> 00:46:09.534
compared the first Crest event.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9843-0
00:46:09.984 --> 00:46:13.410
This is showing the the size of
the Ridgecrest structure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9843-1
00:46:13.410 --> 00:46:15.514
compared to the servants
tracking.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9859-0
00:46:15.524 --> 00:46:18.674
So you can really see how large
invented it was.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9865-0
00:46:19.584 --> 00:46:20.534
So in total is a.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9881-0
00:46:20.584 --> 00:46:24.396
It was, you know, catastrophic
catastrophic event 59,000

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9881-1
00:46:24.396 --> 00:46:24.864
deaths.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9889-0
00:46:25.654 --> 00:46:28.434
With 105,000 buildings
collapsed. So.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9894-0
00:46:30.554 --> 00:46:30.904
Almost.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9934-0
00:46:30.914 --> 00:46:34.404
See, this number is likely
underestimated, and that was

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9934-1
00:46:34.404 --> 00:46:38.330
something that some some wrong
Turkish colleagues told us from

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9934-2
00:46:38.330 --> 00:46:42.069
here when we were there actually
in the fields and a couple

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9934-3
00:46:42.069 --> 00:46:42.754
months ago.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9942-0
00:46:42.764 --> 00:46:43.884
I won't have time to talk about
it.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9983-0
00:46:43.894 --> 00:46:49.044
I feel work, so I apologize, but
yeah, this was this is one of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9983-1
00:46:49.044 --> 00:46:54.277
the sad aspects of of our field
work is, is, is and just seeing

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9983-2
00:46:54.277 --> 00:46:58.364
how, how, how underestimated
this death toll was.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9985-0
00:46:58.744 --> 00:46:59.054
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/9998-0
00:46:59.064 --> 00:47:03.074
And so here we have a one one.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10024-0
00:47:03.424 --> 00:47:07.306
So to explain the the high
number of of deaths in this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10024-1
00:47:07.306 --> 00:47:11.471
event, it could be kind of
explain using the risk equation

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10024-2
00:47:11.471 --> 00:47:11.824
here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10094-0
00:47:11.834 --> 00:47:16.329
So here we know the hazard was
pretty high for this event and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10094-1
00:47:16.329 --> 00:47:20.462
this is showing the Pete Grant
acceleration over 50 year

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10094-2
00:47:20.462 --> 00:47:25.102
exposure time from afar, which
is the a Turkish equivalent USGS

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10094-3
00:47:25.102 --> 00:47:29.669
and it's you can see here is a
very high uh expected to ground

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10094-4
00:47:29.669 --> 00:47:32.424
accelerations over the time
interval.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10100-0
00:47:32.714 --> 00:47:34.244
And so this is pretty well
understood.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10152-0
00:47:34.534 --> 00:47:37.962
The reason why there's such a
large death toll was one there's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10152-1
00:47:37.962 --> 00:47:41.227
very large exposure that the
number of cities located along

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10152-2
00:47:41.227 --> 00:47:44.437
the centerline fault, and so a
large number of people were

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10152-3
00:47:44.437 --> 00:47:47.810
exposed to the high level ground
shaking, but also because of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10152-4
00:47:47.810 --> 00:47:48.844
high vulnerability.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10187-0
00:47:48.854 --> 00:47:52.093
So there's high building codes,
but the issues that the not

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10187-1
00:47:52.093 --> 00:47:55.440
really enforced and one of the
main reasons is due to honesty

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10187-2
00:47:55.440 --> 00:47:56.574
is that were granted.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-0
00:47:56.804 --> 00:47:59.525
So one of the building
developers and check it to try

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-1
00:47:59.525 --> 00:48:02.598
to encourage development and
also of course it's high levels

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-2
00:48:02.598 --> 00:48:05.621
of poverty in this region due to
a large number of refugees

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-3
00:48:05.621 --> 00:48:08.845
immigrating from Syria and the
interest in trying to, if you're

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-4
00:48:08.845 --> 00:48:11.566
interested in money, a bit more
about these different

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-5
00:48:11.566 --> 00:48:14.790
precondition factors that led to
this high depth will encourage

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-6
00:48:14.790 --> 00:48:17.712
you to read a study that we
published in reviews that was

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-7
00:48:17.712 --> 00:48:20.785
written with a sociologist in
Turkey and city kind of talk a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-8
00:48:20.785 --> 00:48:23.808
little bit about the social
factors that contribute to this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10297-9
00:48:23.808 --> 00:48:24.614
high death toll.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10302-0
00:48:25.444 --> 00:48:26.054
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10355-0
00:48:26.484 --> 00:48:31.248
So in terms of trying to get the
3D surfaces spaces that we need

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10355-1
00:48:31.248 --> 00:48:35.865
to to estimate the slip factors
along the Turkey ruptures, the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10355-2
00:48:35.865 --> 00:48:40.555
ruptures along these antillian
fault, we have actually a mix of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10355-3
00:48:40.555 --> 00:48:42.534
different uh seller images.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10381-0
00:48:42.544 --> 00:48:45.812
We have both optical and radar
data and so we can use pixel

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10381-1
00:48:45.812 --> 00:48:49.026
tracking, not just an optical
images also and radar images

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10381-2
00:48:49.026 --> 00:48:49.244
too.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10398-0
00:48:49.474 --> 00:48:52.406
So this is showing all the
different radar image optical

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10398-1
00:48:52.406 --> 00:48:53.434
images that we have.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10417-0
00:48:53.444 --> 00:48:57.891
We have allows 2 umm descending
data sensor 1 ascending and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10417-1
00:48:57.891 --> 00:49:01.004
descending ascending and
descending data.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10440-0
00:49:01.014 --> 00:49:04.862
So the the red Rex here show you
the direction of what what the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10440-1
00:49:04.862 --> 00:49:05.644
satellite is.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10469-0
00:49:05.694 --> 00:49:08.268
Is is moving, is the is the
orbit direction and the Black

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10469-1
00:49:08.268 --> 00:49:10.798
Line is showing you the
component of surface, displacing

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10469-2
00:49:10.798 --> 00:49:12.884
that we're measuring from this
pixel tracking.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10484-0
00:49:12.894 --> 00:49:15.735
So you can see with all the
different data we are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10484-1
00:49:15.735 --> 00:49:16.474
constraining.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10497-0
00:49:16.484 --> 00:49:18.675
How the surface moves in
different directions in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10497-1
00:49:18.675 --> 00:49:19.614
different components.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10525-0
00:49:19.624 --> 00:49:22.472
So what you can then do is
reconstruct that together 3

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10525-1
00:49:22.472 --> 00:49:25.682
service displacement and we just
use a simple way to at least

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10525-2
00:49:25.682 --> 00:49:26.614
squares inversion.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10549-0
00:49:28.284 --> 00:49:32.686
And this gives us the 3D service
deformation for this for the two

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10549-1
00:49:32.686 --> 00:49:34.954
events that spans the two
events.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10605-0
00:49:34.964 --> 00:49:38.766
So here's the showing NS
component, the East, West and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10605-1
00:49:38.766 --> 00:49:42.498
the component of surfaces
motion, and you can see the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10605-2
00:49:42.498 --> 00:49:46.577
North South component has a a
larger degree of uncertainty

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10605-3
00:49:46.577 --> 00:49:50.931
compared to East, West invert
and vertical because the for two

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10605-4
00:49:50.931 --> 00:49:51.484
reasons.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10645-0
00:49:51.494 --> 00:49:56.709
One is the optical images are
slightly noisier than yourself

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10645-1
00:49:56.709 --> 00:50:01.497
and and also because the the
pixel tracking the advance

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10645-2
00:50:01.497 --> 00:50:06.114
direction and radar and data are
also noisier and OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10694-0
00:50:06.264 --> 00:50:10.397
So what we can do with those
again, we can look at how the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10694-1
00:50:10.397 --> 00:50:14.390
service displacement varies
along these two ruptures and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10694-2
00:50:14.390 --> 00:50:18.243
then we can also look at
estimating the orientation of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10694-3
00:50:18.243 --> 00:50:20.204
the slip breaks too as well.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10722-0
00:50:21.594 --> 00:50:25.766
And so along the East Anatolian
Fault, we actually identified 2

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10722-1
00:50:25.766 --> 00:50:28.504
compressional bends shown by
this purple.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10770-0
00:50:28.514 --> 00:50:32.139
These purple lines along these
two bends here, and so these do

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10770-1
00:50:32.139 --> 00:50:35.764
coincide with small amounts of,
and this decrease in the space

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10770-2
00:50:35.764 --> 00:50:39.274
and kind of like what we saw for
Ridge Crest along the along

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10770-3
00:50:39.274 --> 00:50:40.194
these two bends.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10800-0
00:50:40.264 --> 00:50:44.305
Do we have an 18 degree in about
60 degrees transactional bend

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10800-1
00:50:44.305 --> 00:50:47.704
with about a meter to meet and
1/2 decrease in slip?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10802-0
00:50:48.544 --> 00:50:48.844
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10833-0
00:50:48.854 --> 00:50:54.035
And so I won't go through all
that analysis again, but we we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10833-1
00:50:54.035 --> 00:50:59.130
can compare the the the slip
magnitude as a function of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10833-2
00:50:59.130 --> 00:51:00.404
full stability.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10879-0
00:51:00.414 --> 00:51:03.830
So again, we get this the pre
stress tensor from actually we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10879-1
00:51:03.830 --> 00:51:07.134
get that from the background
size and see because we don't

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10879-2
00:51:07.134 --> 00:51:10.550
have enough variation in the
rates here to get stress tensor

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10879-3
00:51:10.550 --> 00:51:11.614
just from the slip.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10905-0
00:51:11.654 --> 00:51:15.385
The subjects from the images, so
this gives us the variation of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10905-1
00:51:15.385 --> 00:51:17.134
the stuff again as a function.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-0
00:51:17.144 --> 00:51:20.832
The possibility along this
northern bend, I think he's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-1
00:51:20.832 --> 00:51:25.123
fairly well behaved because like
friction about putting 5-6 and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-2
00:51:25.123 --> 00:51:29.415
dynamic value, but .21 from the
same equation again, that along

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-3
00:51:29.415 --> 00:51:33.505
the central band we actually
find a significant fairly large

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-4
00:51:33.505 --> 00:51:36.858
deviation of slip along this
what we expect to be

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-5
00:51:36.858 --> 00:51:41.015
compressional bends here just
north of knowledge fall Eastern

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-6
00:51:41.015 --> 00:51:45.307
until in fall and that division
is about two or three meters in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/10994-7
00:51:45.307 --> 00:51:46.044
some cases.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11007-0
00:51:46.054 --> 00:51:48.384
So it's a fairly large
difference in discrepancy there.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11034-0
00:51:48.394 --> 00:51:51.144
So this is indicating that parts
of the displacement here are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11034-1
00:51:51.144 --> 00:51:53.983
really consistent with what we
would have expected from initial

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11034-2
00:51:53.983 --> 00:51:54.914
shear stress changes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11062-0
00:51:56.494 --> 00:51:59.278
And so we thought, OK, maybe
this could be due to the null,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11062-1
00:51:59.278 --> 00:52:02.154
the effect of the node fault
rupturing, so the newly fault is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11062-2
00:52:02.154 --> 00:52:02.664
right here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11076-0
00:52:02.674 --> 00:52:05.174
It's very close to where we're
looking at along that bend.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11094-0
00:52:06.154 --> 00:52:09.690
And so here is that slip profile
game for the main shock for that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11094-1
00:52:09.690 --> 00:52:09.904
7.8.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11107-0
00:52:10.194 --> 00:52:13.044
The red shows the predicted slip
along that Northern band.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11125-0
00:52:13.154 --> 00:52:17.733
Blue shows the pretty slip along
the central bands with that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11125-1
00:52:17.733 --> 00:52:18.634
discrepancy.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11159-0
00:52:19.024 --> 00:52:24.170
So what we did is is simple to
try and adjust what the how the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11159-1
00:52:24.170 --> 00:52:28.499
starting stress changes may
affect the initial shear

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11159-2
00:52:28.499 --> 00:52:29.234
stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11180-0
00:52:29.244 --> 00:52:32.891
On this bend we do a simple
column calculation along the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11180-1
00:52:32.891 --> 00:52:34.554
newly fault, so we're not.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11197-0
00:52:34.564 --> 00:52:37.542
We haven't included the dynamic
stress effects yet, so this is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11197-1
00:52:37.542 --> 00:52:38.534
just a simple static.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11217-0
00:52:38.854 --> 00:52:43.368
And calculation to see how this
sheer normal stresses may be

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11217-1
00:52:43.368 --> 00:52:44.034
affected.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11258-0
00:52:44.564 --> 00:52:48.481
So here it shows the more circle
for our and for that that this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11258-1
00:52:48.481 --> 00:52:52.093
this variation of the fault
services along this this panel

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11258-2
00:52:52.093 --> 00:52:53.684
and you sound so in fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11277-0
00:52:54.564 --> 00:52:57.781
And so once we adjust the
initial shear, normal stresses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11277-1
00:52:57.781 --> 00:53:00.264
actually doesn't make much of a
difference.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11309-0
00:53:00.274 --> 00:53:04.329
That's actually quite small in
terms of the magnitude and also

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11309-1
00:53:04.329 --> 00:53:08.126
the direction is also is almost
parallel to the frictional

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11309-2
00:53:08.126 --> 00:53:10.314
envelope that we've come up
with.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11370-0
00:53:10.324 --> 00:53:13.919
So this is indicated that even
accounting for the the quasi the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11370-1
00:53:13.919 --> 00:53:17.571
static stress change effects to
the newly fault, it doesn't seem

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11370-2
00:53:17.571 --> 00:53:20.773
to explain this large scripts
scrappy here and so at the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11370-3
00:53:20.773 --> 00:53:24.087
moment we've taken this is
perhaps indicating that this is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11370-4
00:53:24.087 --> 00:53:24.424
large.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11400-0
00:53:24.854 --> 00:53:28.617
This is indication of the the
effect of large dynamic stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11400-1
00:53:28.617 --> 00:53:32.442
effects due to rupture, long
minorly fault, and this is where

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11400-2
00:53:32.442 --> 00:53:33.984
actually bifurcated here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11423-0
00:53:34.134 --> 00:53:37.648
So this could be indicating this
this larger set that makes

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11423-1
00:53:37.648 --> 00:53:40.224
expected it could be dynamic
stress effect.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11428-0
00:53:40.594 --> 00:53:41.124
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-0
00:53:41.294 --> 00:53:44.405
So just quickly summarize for
Turkey, we've used a combination

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-1
00:53:44.405 --> 00:53:47.022
of radar and optical data to
measure the 3D services

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-2
00:53:47.022 --> 00:53:50.084
placement and the playing kind
of a similar friction analysis

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-3
00:53:50.084 --> 00:53:52.800
we come up with some very
preliminary estimates of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-4
00:53:52.800 --> 00:53:55.812
static and dynamic friction from
that northern bend and that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-5
00:53:55.812 --> 00:53:58.874
along the southern bend there
it's there seems to be a pretty

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11506-6
00:53:58.874 --> 00:53:59.664
large deviation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11562-0
00:53:59.824 --> 00:54:02.881
Could either indicate that a
strong dynamic weakening effects

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11562-1
00:54:02.881 --> 00:54:05.939
that we're not accounting for,
because this is a quasi static

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11562-2
00:54:05.939 --> 00:54:08.750
approach, or there could be
large spatial heterogeneity,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11562-3
00:54:08.750 --> 00:54:11.905
additional stresses that we have
that we're not able to resolve

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11562-4
00:54:11.905 --> 00:54:13.434
from the background seismicity.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11581-0
00:54:13.524 --> 00:54:17.842
So either of those two or both
factors could be contributing to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11581-1
00:54:17.842 --> 00:54:18.584
that large.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11595-0
00:54:18.754 --> 00:54:21.064
That's larger symptom we would
have expected from just the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11595-1
00:54:21.064 --> 00:54:21.964
initial shear stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11598-0
00:54:22.514 --> 00:54:23.244
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11600-0
00:54:23.674 --> 00:54:24.434
So lastly.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11609-0
00:54:25.574 --> 00:54:26.504
I'm doing OK in time.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11633-0
00:54:26.514 --> 00:54:29.844
I'll fly through this, but I
wanna talk a little bit about

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11635-0
00:54:29.234 --> 00:54:31.804
You've got about just a few
minutes, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11633-1
00:54:29.844 --> 00:54:30.634
the evolution.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11648-0
00:54:31.854 --> 00:54:33.394
So a quick fly.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11643-0
00:54:33.144 --> 00:54:34.074
Few minutes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11645-0
00:54:34.084 --> 00:54:34.614
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11653-0
00:54:34.664 --> 00:54:35.814
OK, quickly.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11658-0
00:54:36.104 --> 00:54:36.884
Alright, let's do it.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11662-0
00:54:36.234 --> 00:54:36.594
Thanks.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11665-0
00:54:36.984 --> 00:54:38.934
And so we were trying to.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11682-0
00:54:38.984 --> 00:54:41.364
We were interested in trying
like the evolution of the last

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11682-1
00:54:41.364 --> 00:54:42.474
train on different ruptures.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11753-0
00:54:42.924 --> 00:54:46.058
One is to do this with the due
date imaging data, so I showed

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11753-1
00:54:46.058 --> 00:54:49.394
you this figure before where the
risk cross structure and the way

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11753-2
00:54:49.394 --> 00:54:52.629
we try to estimate awful strain
is we try and calculate the and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11753-3
00:54:52.629 --> 00:54:55.661
the total offset across the
rupture with these profiles and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11753-4
00:54:55.661 --> 00:54:58.694
this is pretty similar to what's
kind of done in the field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11780-0
00:54:58.704 --> 00:55:03.085
And as I showed in this example
for the the the Calico fault

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11780-1
00:55:03.085 --> 00:55:07.393
where you can estimate the total
offset and across the full

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11780-2
00:55:07.393 --> 00:55:07.824
zones.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11806-0
00:55:07.914 --> 00:55:11.154
And when you come up with this
full drags, there's this fault

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11806-1
00:55:11.154 --> 00:55:14.289
drag here, which is, which is
we've seen by Rockwell, isn't

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11806-2
00:55:14.289 --> 00:55:14.864
earthquake.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11824-0
00:55:14.954 --> 00:55:17.890
It's kind of what we're seeing
here in the in these optical

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11824-1
00:55:17.890 --> 00:55:18.624
image profiles.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11843-0
00:55:19.094 --> 00:55:23.254
And so the idea here is that it
in the field you can nest if you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11843-1
00:55:23.254 --> 00:55:23.574
have.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-0
00:55:23.644 --> 00:55:26.357
If you have the luxury of a
offset feature expanded our

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-1
00:55:26.357 --> 00:55:29.410
fault zone when you can get the
total offset, and you can even

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-2
00:55:29.410 --> 00:55:32.316
sometimes get the on fault
component too, and so taking the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-3
00:55:32.316 --> 00:55:35.175
difference between those two
between the total and the one

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-4
00:55:35.175 --> 00:55:37.694
that you can get the offal and
elastic component of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11905-5
00:55:37.694 --> 00:55:38.324
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11928-0
00:55:38.764 --> 00:55:41.794
So we in optical with optical
data, we can't separate the two.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11937-0
00:55:41.804 --> 00:55:43.484
We only really get the total
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11987-0
00:55:43.544 --> 00:55:46.799
So to get it on full component
of the system, we compare that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/11987-1
00:55:46.799 --> 00:55:48.374
to the field observations, OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12033-0
00:55:48.384 --> 00:55:51.766
And so the idea here is that
this awful deformation is can be

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12033-1
00:55:51.766 --> 00:55:54.821
calculated from comparing the
all such from the imaging

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12033-2
00:55:54.821 --> 00:55:58.367
geodesy with that from the field
which is the which is not which

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12033-3
00:55:58.367 --> 00:56:00.604
we assume is the principal
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12035-0
00:56:00.824 --> 00:56:01.434
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12053-0
00:56:01.524 --> 00:56:04.290
And so we have services, space
and maths for about 16

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12053-1
00:56:04.290 --> 00:56:04.904
earthquakes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12096-0
00:56:04.914 --> 00:56:07.866
We have measured a lot of this
for dissuasive measures, about

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12096-1
00:56:07.866 --> 00:56:10.722
34 hundreds, and these are
showing slip profiles for all of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12096-2
00:56:10.722 --> 00:56:13.388
these events are kind of offset
arbitrarily in the wide

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12096-3
00:56:13.388 --> 00:56:13.864
direction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12145-0
00:56:13.874 --> 00:56:17.357
Just compare the kind of the
variation and the displacement

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12145-1
00:56:17.357 --> 00:56:19.214
magnitudes as the camera starts.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12150-0
00:56:19.224 --> 00:56:23.178
Having and Sharkey and this is
the map for earthquake that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12150-1
00:56:23.178 --> 00:56:27.333
happened and close to closer
manlow and so we can compare all

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12150-2
00:56:27.333 --> 00:56:30.014
of these remote sensing based
displays.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-0
00:56:30.024 --> 00:56:33.107
The measurements with those
measurement field to get the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-1
00:56:33.107 --> 00:56:36.299
offal component and this kind of
shows a global comparison

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-2
00:56:36.299 --> 00:56:39.760
between the judic displacements
and those measure in the fields

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-3
00:56:39.760 --> 00:56:43.060
is kind of heat plot showing
that if you the best thing line

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-4
00:56:43.060 --> 00:56:46.359
actually falls above that one to
one line indicating that on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-5
00:56:46.359 --> 00:56:49.605
average the displaces we measure
with sensing data data are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12230-6
00:56:49.605 --> 00:56:50.524
larger than that.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12233-0
00:56:50.534 --> 00:56:51.094
Measure the field.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12253-0
00:56:51.104 --> 00:56:53.906
This is giving an indication
that we're capturing this awful

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12253-1
00:56:53.906 --> 00:56:55.054
and elastic displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12283-0
00:56:56.284 --> 00:56:59.273
So you can calculate and compare
how that awful elastic

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12283-1
00:56:59.273 --> 00:57:02.262
displacement varies as a
function of things like chemos

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12283-2
00:57:02.262 --> 00:57:04.984
with displacement for these
different earthquakes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12294-0
00:57:05.564 --> 00:57:07.374
Uh, and this is an example.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12315-0
00:57:07.524 --> 00:57:10.553
These these these color lines
here actually show the variation

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12315-1
00:57:10.553 --> 00:57:12.764
of awful strain from the sandbox
experiments.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12385-0
00:57:12.774 --> 00:57:16.266
I I talked a lot about the
start, where they did the pixel

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12385-1
00:57:16.266 --> 00:57:19.757
tracking on the sandboxes, and
then we just scale up those

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12385-2
00:57:19.757 --> 00:57:23.427
values and then you can fit some
functional form here to, you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12385-3
00:57:23.427 --> 00:57:26.918
know, get an idea of and we
expect perhaps the kind of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12385-4
00:57:26.918 --> 00:57:30.824
midpoint in full evolution to be
which is about 2 1/2 kilometers.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12392-0
00:57:30.834 --> 00:57:33.944
Using this kind of logistic uh
function.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12431-0
00:57:35.824 --> 00:57:38.919
So this was 1.6 away from this
is this would suggest that as

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12431-1
00:57:38.919 --> 00:57:41.709
false evolve and accumulate
displacement, they tend to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12431-2
00:57:41.709 --> 00:57:44.854
localize the amount of effort in
the last extreme diminishes.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12465-0
00:57:45.284 --> 00:57:49.484
Again, we see the amount of
effort and less deformation

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12465-1
00:57:49.484 --> 00:57:54.359
shows seems to show a decreases
as as as faults with faults that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12465-2
00:57:54.359 --> 00:57:56.684
have faster rupture velocities.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12509-0
00:57:56.694 --> 00:58:00.784
So events like Ismet Douche
Chili when supershear all these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12509-1
00:58:00.784 --> 00:58:04.738
events have very low, often less
strain, but there's more

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12509-2
00:58:04.738 --> 00:58:08.555
immature and to lower lower
production losses has large

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12509-3
00:58:08.555 --> 00:58:09.714
inelastic strain.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12536-0
00:58:10.814 --> 00:58:15.465
And lastly, we saw some uh
similar relationship with the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12536-1
00:58:15.465 --> 00:58:20.769
with slip rate, which is also an
indicator of possible indicator

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12536-2
00:58:20.769 --> 00:58:22.564
with of full maturity.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12548-0
00:58:23.244 --> 00:58:25.314
So sorry, I've gone over a bit
of time.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12583-0
00:58:25.324 --> 00:58:28.596
There we got tripped over a
little bit, but hopefully

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12583-1
00:58:28.596 --> 00:58:32.232
hopefully I didn't lose your
interest in attention and I'll

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12583-2
00:58:32.232 --> 00:58:34.534
just leave you here with
conclusions.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12591-0
00:58:34.764 --> 00:58:36.114
So thank you so much for
sticking with me.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12605-0
00:58:39.784 --> 00:58:41.164
Hopefully it's still in the
slide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12611-0
00:58:43.034 --> 00:58:43.664
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12615-0
00:58:43.974 --> 00:58:44.904
Thanks very much, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12636-0
00:58:46.074 --> 00:58:49.169
There's a lot of really
interesting points in your talk,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12636-1
00:58:49.169 --> 00:58:51.504
and now we've got some time for
questions.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12643-0
00:58:51.654 --> 00:58:55.704
So I see Ruth with her hand
raised.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12655-0
00:58:56.214 --> 00:58:57.834
Can you meet yourself and ask
your question?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12668-0
00:59:00.434 --> 00:59:01.804
Hi, yes, thank you very much.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12675-0
00:59:01.814 --> 00:59:05.064
Chris, tell us three fantastic
talks in one hour.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12681-0
00:59:05.254 --> 00:59:05.974
That was amazing.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12685-0
00:59:05.984 --> 00:59:07.224
33 different projects?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12731-0
00:59:07.224 --> 00:59:11.362
Know I learned so much, so much,
and I wanna go and read all your

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12731-1
00:59:11.362 --> 00:59:15.312
papers and studies and all this
and really get more into depth

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12731-2
00:59:15.312 --> 00:59:19.324
on everything and returning to
that depth theme for Ridgecrest.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12775-0
00:59:19.334 --> 00:59:22.914
You are showing the absolute
values of stress or static

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12775-1
00:59:22.914 --> 00:59:26.621
stress drop and then at one
point in your slides you were

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12761-0
00:59:24.884 --> 00:59:25.064
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12775-2
00:59:26.621 --> 00:59:30.264
mentioning that that was valid
for 1.3 kilometers depth.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12808-0
00:59:30.944 --> 00:59:34.031
Same of course, had dynamic
rupture person and I'll I'll

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12787-0
00:59:31.374 --> 00:59:31.634
Right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12808-1
00:59:34.031 --> 00:59:37.443
think a lot about coseismic and
a lot of that is action that's

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12806-0
00:59:36.384 --> 00:59:36.594
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12808-2
00:59:37.443 --> 00:59:38.634
happening much deeper.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12843-0
00:59:38.944 --> 00:59:43.073
So for that specific case, I was
wondering if there's a way to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12817-0
00:59:39.604 --> 00:59:39.844
Right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12843-1
00:59:43.073 --> 00:59:47.137
pull out the depth dependence of
that and then also for these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12843-2
00:59:47.137 --> 00:59:48.054
other studies.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12877-0
00:59:48.404 --> 00:59:52.348
I was wondering like which which
of the findings are applicable

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12877-1
00:59:52.348 --> 00:59:55.922
to closer to the earth surface
in which are applicable to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12877-2
00:59:55.922 --> 00:59:57.894
throughout the seismogenic zone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12915-0
00:59:57.964 --> 01:00:01.076
But once it once again, I want
to say that was a fantastic talk

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12915-1
01:00:01.076 --> 01:00:04.042
and I learned so much and I was
paying attention 100% of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12915-2
01:00:04.042 --> 01:00:05.744
time, which is pretty good for
me.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12929-0
01:00:05.814 --> 01:00:08.224
So it was just showed how good
your talk was.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12931-0
01:00:06.424 --> 01:00:07.014
All right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12939-0
01:00:08.234 --> 01:00:08.574
Thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12936-0
01:00:09.484 --> 01:00:09.974
That's great.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12946-0
01:00:09.984 --> 01:00:11.434
That's one win for me then.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12948-0
01:00:11.444 --> 01:00:11.934
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12954-0
01:00:11.994 --> 01:00:13.354
Thank you for your kind words.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12963-0
01:00:13.604 --> 01:00:16.114
So you answer your first
question.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12982-0
01:00:17.874 --> 01:00:22.848
Yeah, we we could you could kind
of extrapolate what the stresses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/12982-1
01:00:22.848 --> 01:00:24.204
would be to depth.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13002-0
01:00:24.694 --> 01:00:27.620
So like I said, we've got the
confining, confining pressure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13002-1
01:00:27.620 --> 01:00:28.254
and a camera.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13030-0
01:00:28.264 --> 01:00:33.608
What the value was like 15
megapascals I think, but you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13030-1
01:00:33.608 --> 01:00:38.474
could assume if you assume what
a hydrostatic, uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13083-0
01:00:39.574 --> 01:00:43.157
Comparing pressure with depth,
you could calculate what you

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13083-1
01:00:43.157 --> 01:00:46.919
said the confining pressure P
would be and then if you were to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13083-2
01:00:46.919 --> 01:00:49.964
assume that the stress
orientation and that stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13083-3
01:00:49.964 --> 01:00:53.666
tensor we have are more circles
the same, you know that would

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13083-4
01:00:53.666 --> 01:00:54.024
scale.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13130-0
01:00:54.114 --> 01:00:58.005
You could scale up what that
more circle would be, and then

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13130-1
01:00:58.005 --> 01:01:02.091
if you're assuming also to the
frictional envelope is also .61

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13130-2
01:01:02.091 --> 01:01:06.111
and then then you could come up
with what the Mantis stresses

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13130-3
01:01:06.111 --> 01:01:06.954
are at depth.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13185-0
01:01:07.364 --> 01:01:12.311
And but in terms of getting the
you another another way of doing

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13185-1
01:01:12.311 --> 01:01:16.877
it is sort of kind of a simple
extrapolation when by seeing

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13185-2
01:01:16.877 --> 01:01:21.596
what the back confining pressure
should be is you could maybe

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13185-3
01:01:21.596 --> 01:01:26.314
apply this to slip inversion
models from inverted from insar.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13193-0
01:01:26.574 --> 01:01:28.954
Uh, issues that you need.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13235-0
01:01:30.224 --> 01:01:32.912
You know the the issue is that
you don't have a lot of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13235-1
01:01:32.912 --> 01:01:36.040
variation in the rake. At that
from the from the same models so

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13235-2
01:01:36.040 --> 01:01:38.044
that that's kind of the limiting
factor.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13250-0
01:01:38.054 --> 01:01:42.003
There is that with this analysis
you have to have a a large range

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13250-1
01:01:42.003 --> 01:01:45.114
in the rate to get stressed
answer and you know it.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13270-0
01:01:45.124 --> 01:01:47.330
Maybe you could play around and
you can maybe use a stress

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13270-1
01:01:47.330 --> 01:01:48.714
sensor from the background
serenity.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13294-0
01:01:49.064 --> 01:01:51.455
I think that that's something
you got tying up the kind of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13294-1
01:01:51.455 --> 01:01:52.954
interesting next step to go
towards.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13318-0
01:01:53.084 --> 01:01:57.559
And the second question, sorry,
was whether the some of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13318-1
01:01:57.559 --> 01:02:01.586
events are representative
extremities represented the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13318-2
01:02:01.586 --> 01:02:02.854
surface or depth?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13320-0
01:02:02.864 --> 01:02:04.134
I think so.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13337-0
01:02:04.144 --> 01:02:07.167
All of this is, you know, done
at the surface with these

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13337-1
01:02:07.167 --> 01:02:07.644
surfaces.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13343-0
01:02:08.784 --> 01:02:11.394
Uh displacement observations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13369-0
01:02:11.744 --> 01:02:17.321
So there really were looking at
the near field shallow strain,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13369-1
01:02:17.321 --> 01:02:17.764
yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13360-0
01:02:17.834 --> 01:02:18.204
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13363-0
01:02:18.414 --> 01:02:18.884
Thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13382-0
01:02:18.934 --> 01:02:21.439
No, that's really good though,
cause it to where you have the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13382-1
01:02:21.439 --> 01:02:21.964
observations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13388-0
01:02:22.044 --> 01:02:23.694
That's the testable place.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13400-0
01:02:23.704 --> 01:02:24.394
Yes, thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13394-0
01:02:24.924 --> 01:02:25.454
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13397-0
01:02:25.504 --> 01:02:26.194
Yeah, exactly.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13428-0
01:02:26.204 --> 01:02:29.580
And and think for things like
all the session has analysis

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13428-1
01:02:29.580 --> 01:02:32.727
we're trying to use those data
to to come up with some

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13428-2
01:02:32.727 --> 01:02:33.814
probability models.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13431-0
01:02:33.884 --> 01:02:35.854
Using those as observations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13436-0
01:02:38.274 --> 01:02:38.914
Yes, thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13441-0
01:02:40.234 --> 01:02:40.354
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13453-0
01:02:41.834 --> 01:02:48.115
Are there any other questions in
the watch party room and our

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13453-1
01:02:48.115 --> 01:02:48.824
online?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13456-0
01:02:48.864 --> 01:02:49.504
Yep.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13463-0
01:02:49.564 --> 01:02:50.074
Austin, please.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13461-0
01:02:50.534 --> 01:02:50.984
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13465-0
01:02:51.794 --> 01:02:52.304
Thanks, Chris.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13476-0
01:02:52.314 --> 01:02:56.394
That was a a really fantastic
talk of clever work.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13488-0
01:02:56.644 --> 01:02:58.994
Uh, but making good use of these
data?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13501-0
01:02:59.684 --> 01:03:03.404
Can this may or may not be a
real question.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13505-0
01:03:03.414 --> 01:03:03.904
Can we go?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13522-0
01:03:03.914 --> 01:03:07.291
Can you go to the slide about
your inversion for stress on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13522-1
01:03:07.291 --> 01:03:07.934
Ridge Crest?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13524-0
01:03:08.304 --> 01:03:08.684
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13539-0
01:03:09.484 --> 01:03:14.004
Structures where you divide it,
central and southern sections.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13537-0
01:03:11.164 --> 01:03:11.544
Sure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13554-0
01:03:16.974 --> 01:03:20.544
Uh, talking about this slide,
this stereographs.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13560-0
01:03:21.764 --> 01:03:23.034
You bought probably.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13571-0
01:03:23.044 --> 01:03:27.094
I don't see it yet, but I yeah,
you can.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13569-0
01:03:25.634 --> 01:03:25.934
Ohh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13615-0
01:03:27.604 --> 01:03:32.661
The one that has where you
thought all three, just that in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13592-0
01:03:30.524 --> 01:03:30.704
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13615-1
01:03:32.661 --> 01:03:37.632
the northern one, it looks like
your Sigma one has a much

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13615-2
01:03:37.632 --> 01:03:39.774
greater range of on this.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13627-0
01:03:40.444 --> 01:03:45.444
I'm presumably that does the
slip vector does.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13620-0
01:03:41.484 --> 01:03:41.664
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13642-0
01:03:45.454 --> 01:03:49.303
Also, can can you talk about
whether that's real, what it may

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13642-1
01:03:49.303 --> 01:03:49.924
represent?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13644-0
01:03:50.034 --> 01:03:50.714
Why?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13656-0
01:03:50.754 --> 01:03:51.844
Why you have this difference?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13652-0
01:03:51.844 --> 01:03:52.124
Right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13654-0
01:03:53.894 --> 01:03:54.324
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13681-0
01:03:54.334 --> 01:03:57.878
No, I think that it's really so,
yeah, in that section, right, we

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13681-1
01:03:57.878 --> 01:03:59.704
have that, Darren drop grab
then.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13696-0
01:03:59.834 --> 01:04:03.554
So you have those some normal
faults there and they're up.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13727-0
01:04:03.564 --> 01:04:07.454
And so that's the in that
region, if you look at the R

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13727-1
01:04:07.454 --> 01:04:11.555
value and the bottom right
figure, there's the blue curve

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13727-2
01:04:11.555 --> 01:04:12.404
is about .1.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13741-0
01:04:12.414 --> 01:04:15.169
So it's really transtensional
and that's telling you that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13741-1
01:04:15.169 --> 01:04:16.024
Sigma one and the.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13771-0
01:04:16.844 --> 01:04:21.758
And sigmas, UH-2 axis are very
similar in amplitude, so becomes

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13771-1
01:04:21.758 --> 01:04:23.984
quite difficult to determine.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13797-0
01:04:24.584 --> 01:04:27.823
Uh, for it becomes ambiguous of
what the what, the orientation

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13797-1
01:04:27.823 --> 01:04:30.137
that manage, and the
orientations of the two

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13797-2
01:04:30.137 --> 01:04:31.114
principal axes are.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-0
01:04:31.244 --> 01:04:35.133
So that's why you have a large
kind of spreads spreads here

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-1
01:04:35.133 --> 01:04:39.346
almost axis and you can kind of
also see that too in the and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-2
01:04:39.346 --> 01:04:42.782
hardibacker changing mang
orientations they're back,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-3
01:04:42.782 --> 01:04:46.736
they're pre stress orientations
kind of fall along with lion

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-4
01:04:46.736 --> 01:04:49.912
there's there's some some
variability along that

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-5
01:04:49.912 --> 01:04:53.606
orientation because just because
it's a a transtensional

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13872-6
01:04:53.606 --> 01:04:54.384
environment.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13881-0
01:04:57.744 --> 01:04:57.904
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13887-0
01:04:57.894 --> 01:04:59.214
Makes sense, yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13904-0
01:05:00.714 --> 01:05:05.260
I I guess I have another
question and well I have the OR

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13904-1
01:05:05.260 --> 01:05:07.094
uh about the ohh sorry.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13907-0
01:05:07.104 --> 01:05:07.534
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13942-0
01:05:08.044 --> 01:05:13.158
About the Carmen Marash rupture
in your final point about the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13921-0
01:05:12.244 --> 01:05:12.404
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13942-1
01:05:13.158 --> 01:05:18.024
excess slip right where the
Narly fault intersects the the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13942-2
01:05:18.024 --> 01:05:19.344
main fault zone.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13941-0
01:05:19.264 --> 01:05:19.524
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13961-0
01:05:20.744 --> 01:05:26.954
Uh, you pose some very viable
hypotheses about why this slip.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13965-0
01:05:26.964 --> 01:05:28.114
Maybe higher there.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13976-0
01:05:28.394 --> 01:05:34.814
Do you think that it may have
something should do with?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13979-0
01:05:35.404 --> 01:05:35.734
Why?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13997-0
01:05:37.124 --> 01:05:41.102
I guess both why the rupture
started where it did, why the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/13997-1
01:05:41.102 --> 01:05:43.394
epicenter is on the Marley
fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14000-0
01:05:44.224 --> 01:05:44.564
Umm.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14021-0
01:05:44.684 --> 01:05:50.244
Near Ish to the intersection and
or why the rupture ended up

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14021-1
01:05:50.244 --> 01:05:54.254
taking off so vigorously on the
main fault.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14028-0
01:05:55.684 --> 01:05:58.084
Umm, I don't.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14051-0
01:05:58.134 --> 01:06:01.370
I'm not sure if we can really
comment on why it it occurred

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14051-1
01:06:01.370 --> 01:06:03.904
and then you know initiated in
the early fall.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14056-0
01:06:04.644 --> 01:06:04.844
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14076-0
01:06:07.424 --> 01:06:10.285
In terms of, so your second
question was why it was such a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14076-1
01:06:10.285 --> 01:06:12.224
vigorous structure and became so
large.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14079-0
01:06:15.944 --> 01:06:16.414
Right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14090-0
01:06:16.424 --> 01:06:19.744
I mean, I think it's a bit of
both.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14133-0
01:06:19.754 --> 01:06:23.228
So this section, the last time
we started to rupture was around

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14133-1
01:06:23.228 --> 01:06:26.322
1513 and and knowing the
slippery about 10 millimeters a

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14133-2
01:06:26.322 --> 01:06:29.524
year, it's expected there's been
a a slip death of about 5

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14133-3
01:06:29.524 --> 01:06:29.904
meters.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-0
01:06:30.314 --> 01:06:34.426
So the observed amount is slip
is consistent with he was

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-1
01:06:34.426 --> 01:06:38.899
thought to be the queen amount
of elastic strain and the yeah

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-2
01:06:38.899 --> 01:06:43.227
it if if there is a dynamic
effect here where the where the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-3
01:06:43.227 --> 01:06:47.700
fault bifurcated and and this is
indicating a strong dedicate

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-4
01:06:47.700 --> 01:06:51.596
maybe that could could also
explain why it managed to

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-5
01:06:51.596 --> 01:06:55.924
rupture for so long but yeah I
mean but I mean we're I'm in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14216-0
01:06:53.614 --> 01:06:53.904
I.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14226-6
01:06:55.924 --> 01:06:57.944
kind of like sorry go ahead.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14254-0
01:06:58.734 --> 01:07:02.251
I guess is there another the
predicted slip here is kind of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14254-1
01:07:02.251 --> 01:07:05.944
just considering the kinematics
of the main fault zone and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14254-2
01:07:05.944 --> 01:07:08.464
input stress from the nearly
fault, right?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14262-0
01:07:08.474 --> 01:07:10.074
So is there a?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14297-0
01:07:12.254 --> 01:07:16.816
Might it be expected that
there's an additional sort of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14297-1
01:07:16.816 --> 01:07:22.030
kinematic input from the gnarly
fault that enable a huge amount

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14288-0
01:07:20.494 --> 01:07:21.004
Uh-huh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14297-2
01:07:22.030 --> 01:07:22.274
of?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14310-0
01:07:23.284 --> 01:07:26.585
Like, yeah, that's what we tried
to account for in this column

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14310-1
01:07:26.585 --> 01:07:27.214
calculation.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14321-0
01:07:27.404 --> 01:07:29.434
And that was just the static
stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14320-0
01:07:27.704 --> 01:07:27.874
OK.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14331-0
01:07:29.684 --> 01:07:31.654
But we didn't include the
dynamic stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14340-0
01:07:31.944 --> 01:07:34.264
You know it, I I say there's a
better.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14384-0
01:07:35.484 --> 01:07:39.510
Uh, analysis of this is was just
published in science a few days

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14384-1
01:07:39.510 --> 01:07:43.288
ago, and that actually included
the the, the dynamic and the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14384-2
01:07:43.288 --> 01:07:46.694
static stresses, and that was
gonna have full physics.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14432-0
01:07:48.014 --> 01:07:52.076
Ford model, you know, this is
simpler to qualitative approach,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14432-1
01:07:52.076 --> 01:07:55.622
but what you can do is that
we're actually getting the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14432-2
01:07:55.622 --> 01:07:59.556
stress tensors from the the
observed that vectors and we can

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14432-3
01:07:59.556 --> 01:08:03.424
get some empirical constraint on
what the friction drop is.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14450-0
01:08:03.534 --> 01:08:07.724
So you know it's it's not gonna
be as formative as kind.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14480-0
01:08:07.734 --> 01:08:11.055
He's fully dynamic rupture
model, but I think there's some

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14480-1
01:08:11.055 --> 01:08:14.150
value here in being a listening
theorical so I can die

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14480-2
01:08:14.150 --> 01:08:15.444
frictionless and those.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14490-0
01:08:18.494 --> 01:08:19.044
It's crystal.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14494-0
01:08:18.774 --> 01:08:19.744
Yes, great questions.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14526-0
01:08:20.564 --> 01:08:25.496
Yeah, so so this technique of
developing friction coefficients

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14526-1
01:08:25.496 --> 01:08:30.194
and stressed for the for the
ruptured kind of depends on on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14526-2
01:08:30.194 --> 01:08:32.934
there being the presence of
bends.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14549-0
01:08:32.944 --> 01:08:36.832
And I'm wondering if you, you
know and the very variability

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14549-1
01:08:36.832 --> 01:08:40.914
covarying of slip distribution
with bending strike variations.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14596-0
01:08:40.924 --> 01:08:46.235
And I'm wondering if you have
any thoughts about what scale of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14596-1
01:08:46.235 --> 01:08:51.629
umm all segments and fault bent
variability might be usable for

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14596-2
01:08:51.629 --> 01:08:56.687
this technique and what scale
might be too too small or too

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14596-3
01:08:56.687 --> 01:08:57.024
big.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14645-0
01:08:59.024 --> 01:09:04.204
Yeah, for that would go back to
the case and day figure, this

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14645-1
01:09:04.204 --> 01:09:09.133
one here, which shows the
variation of how they expect the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14645-2
01:09:09.133 --> 01:09:14.146
initial steer stresses to change
as a function of that bend

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14645-3
01:09:14.146 --> 01:09:15.984
geometry so generally.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14648-0
01:09:15.034 --> 01:09:18.364
Oh, actually along strike.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14682-0
01:09:18.454 --> 01:09:23.624
Like if if this if there's a
fault bend that's like 50 meters

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14670-0
01:09:23.194 --> 01:09:23.324
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14682-1
01:09:23.624 --> 01:09:29.044
before it goes back to another,
but back to its original strike.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14677-0
01:09:26.704 --> 01:09:27.094
Ohh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14699-0
01:09:29.204 --> 01:09:34.024
You expect the dynamic rupture
to kind of go through or?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14695-0
01:09:29.734 --> 01:09:30.344
Alright, yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14703-0
01:09:34.314 --> 01:09:34.614
Hmm.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14711-0
01:09:36.734 --> 01:09:37.524
Yeah, it's a question.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14715-0
01:09:39.614 --> 01:09:40.724
I don't have a good.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14731-0
01:09:40.894 --> 01:09:43.754
I can't give you a good number
for for us to their own.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14758-0
01:09:43.764 --> 01:09:48.499
Really, the scale is, uh, what
we can resolve in terms of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14758-1
01:09:48.499 --> 01:09:53.004
variation of displacement from
the the salad imaging data.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14768-0
01:09:53.294 --> 01:09:54.584
And we don't want to be too too.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14773-0
01:09:55.324 --> 01:09:56.874
Uh, sure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14784-0
01:09:56.884 --> 01:09:59.494
Where we can resolve variations
in displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14827-0
01:09:59.644 --> 01:10:03.493
The other thing too is that you
know one reason why we looked

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14827-1
01:10:03.493 --> 01:10:07.466
the the Bendel and the central
part of the Ridgecrest structure

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14827-2
01:10:07.466 --> 01:10:11.129
is umm, you don't wanna be
affected or too too affected by

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14827-3
01:10:11.129 --> 01:10:12.184
dynamic stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14842-0
01:10:12.194 --> 01:10:14.514
That's why we didn't look at
BENS at the ends of the rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14871-0
01:10:15.334 --> 01:10:18.671
So really, when you look at
these bands, you wanna be away

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14871-1
01:10:18.671 --> 01:10:22.064
from up to terminations kind of
in the middle of a rupture.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14899-0
01:10:22.394 --> 01:10:26.948
Sometimes at least 15 degrees
and low enough that you can kind

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14899-1
01:10:26.948 --> 01:10:30.924
of with confidence look for
variations of the tapering

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14899-2
01:10:30.924 --> 01:10:31.864
displacement.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14909-0
01:10:32.494 --> 01:10:34.584
Then in terms like what's the
minimum length?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14916-0
01:10:34.824 --> 01:10:37.184
And yeah, I'm not sure.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14922-0
01:10:37.364 --> 01:10:38.634
I guess maybe someone's done.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14937-0
01:10:38.644 --> 01:10:41.417
I wrote your modeling might be
have a better answer than mine

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14937-1
01:10:41.417 --> 01:10:41.954
can provide.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14952-0
01:10:50.114 --> 01:10:52.904
Are there any additional
questions either in the room or

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14952-1
01:10:52.904 --> 01:10:53.344
on teams?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14959-0
01:10:54.864 --> 01:10:56.074
Yeah, yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14972-0
01:10:56.084 --> 01:11:00.193
Chris, really exciting and
provocative presentation with,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/14972-1
01:11:00.193 --> 01:11:02.814
with really provocative
conclusions.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15030-0
01:11:03.864 --> 01:11:09.588
I was wondering if live bands
behave the same way as the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15030-1
01:11:09.588 --> 01:11:16.116
straight segments, in particular
with any off fault deformation,

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15030-2
01:11:16.116 --> 01:11:22.543
or maybe the the bends are not
as mature as the as the straight

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15030-3
01:11:22.543 --> 01:11:27.564
sections and that could
complicate your analysis.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15038-0
01:11:27.574 --> 01:11:29.084
I'm sure you've thought about
both things.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15041-0
01:11:30.184 --> 01:11:32.334
Hmm. Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15050-0
01:11:32.344 --> 01:11:35.554
So yeah, I expect this question.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15072-0
01:11:35.564 --> 01:11:39.788
Like you know, we have these two
conflicting stories here with

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15072-1
01:11:39.788 --> 01:11:43.744
and the friction analysis and
and the inelastic strain so.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15087-0
01:11:45.224 --> 01:11:48.464
One key thing I didn't really
detail is is kind of important.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15105-0
01:11:48.474 --> 01:11:54.934
I get that time to described is
in this figure here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15123-0
01:11:56.194 --> 01:11:59.859
When we're looking at measuring
the displacement across the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15123-1
01:11:59.859 --> 01:12:02.364
rupture, we're getting the total
offset.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15185-0
01:12:02.374 --> 01:12:05.955
And so we're kind of and
approximating these in some

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15185-1
01:12:05.955 --> 01:12:10.076
cases, if you have one wide
zones of deformation as a single

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15185-2
01:12:10.076 --> 01:12:14.332
failure surface because you know
we're applying a more coolong

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15185-3
01:12:14.332 --> 01:12:18.656
failure criterion, we're kind of
approximating this as a single

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15185-4
01:12:18.656 --> 01:12:21.764
failure surface with slip along
that surface.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15242-0
01:12:22.254 --> 01:12:26.940
So I mean in this we're we're
kind of trying to avoid any of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15242-1
01:12:26.940 --> 01:12:31.473
the effects of and distributed
strain along the rupture in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15242-2
01:12:31.473 --> 01:12:36.006
terms of you know how in you
know in reality how it how it

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15242-3
01:12:36.006 --> 01:12:40.615
distributed or why damage in
this could affect friction and

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15242-4
01:12:40.615 --> 01:12:41.614
and stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15255-0
01:12:41.894 --> 01:12:44.184
Yeah, there's a lot of good work
that's been done on that.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15301-0
01:12:44.634 --> 01:12:47.592
These these complaint fault
zones can our thoughts are

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15301-1
01:12:47.592 --> 01:12:51.088
rotate the stress fields within
within damage zone, and you know

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15301-2
01:12:51.088 --> 01:12:54.477
these fractures can be pathways
for fluids and that can affect

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15301-3
01:12:54.477 --> 01:12:56.144
the affect the normal stresses.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15356-0
01:12:56.154 --> 01:12:59.913
So there can be a lot of
complications, but this was like

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15356-1
01:12:59.913 --> 01:13:03.218
something this is a
simplification that we took in

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15356-2
01:13:03.218 --> 01:13:07.236
order to try and get as many
displaced measurements along the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15356-3
01:13:07.236 --> 01:13:10.995
rupture and essence of the
orientation of the kind of the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15353-0
01:13:10.754 --> 01:13:11.014
It.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15356-4
01:13:10.995 --> 01:13:13.004
effective slip factor in a way.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15358-0
01:13:14.964 --> 01:13:15.554
Thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15371-0
01:13:15.684 --> 01:13:17.834
Just one quick call follow up
question.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15370-0
01:13:17.024 --> 01:13:17.134
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15397-0
01:13:18.024 --> 01:13:23.859
It is there any in the in the on
the bins is the up all strain

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15397-1
01:13:23.859 --> 01:13:28.304
more distributed than on the
straight sections?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15399-0
01:13:31.834 --> 01:13:32.074
Uh.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15402-0
01:13:34.554 --> 01:13:35.044
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15421-0
01:13:35.054 --> 01:13:38.444
So for risk Crest, we definitely
this is gonna slide to show.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15441-0
01:13:38.454 --> 01:13:41.494
So this slide here, we
definitely see the fault zone

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15441-1
01:13:41.494 --> 01:13:44.764
being wider, more distributed
along these smaller bands.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15480-0
01:13:45.414 --> 01:13:49.486
Uh, I'm so the this is over
length scale of hundreds of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15480-1
01:13:49.486 --> 01:13:54.067
meters and the the the band that
we were looking at was on the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15480-2
01:13:54.067 --> 01:13:57.484
order of kilometers for the
friction analysis.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15507-0
01:13:58.054 --> 01:14:02.464
And in the case of that then,
whether there is and a wider

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15507-1
01:14:02.464 --> 01:14:06.724
falls on for the larger scale
band, it's a little tough.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15530-0
01:14:06.774 --> 01:14:11.769
Hard to say because it's there
seems to be a some topographic

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15530-1
01:14:11.769 --> 01:14:13.864
artifacts along there and.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15538-0
01:14:15.854 --> 01:14:16.864
Yeah, that bend.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15541-0
01:14:16.874 --> 01:14:17.624
Is also compressed.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15554-0
01:14:17.634 --> 01:14:19.364
Is is compressional bend.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15558-0
01:14:19.374 --> 01:14:20.424
We're looking at friction.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15580-0
01:14:20.524 --> 01:14:23.437
These bends are transtensional,
and so the the the rock is

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15580-1
01:14:23.437 --> 01:14:25.264
expected to be weaker and
extension.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15603-0
01:14:25.414 --> 01:14:29.699
So here it's more than obvious
effect in terms of the bench on

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15603-1
01:14:29.699 --> 01:14:32.964
the tree, on the width of the
inelastic strain.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15607-0
01:14:36.284 --> 01:14:36.644
Thank you.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15608-0
01:14:37.834 --> 01:14:37.994
Yeah.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15614-0
01:14:42.124 --> 01:14:42.794
All right.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15636-0
01:14:42.844 --> 01:14:46.868
Unless there are any other
pressing questions from the

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15636-1
01:14:46.868 --> 01:14:51.477
audience, I'm gonna propose to
wrap up the recorded portion of

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15636-2
01:14:51.477 --> 01:14:52.794
our seminar. Here.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15656-0
01:14:53.504 --> 01:14:56.377
Chris is sticking around this
afternoon to meet with

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15656-1
01:14:56.377 --> 01:14:57.894
individuals from the center.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15669-0
01:14:58.064 --> 01:15:01.694
He has some time available from
2:00 to 3:00 PM still.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15703-0
01:15:01.824 --> 01:15:04.931
So if you'd like to meet with
Chris after hearing this great

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15692-0
01:15:03.654 --> 01:15:03.854
What?

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15703-1
01:15:04.931 --> 01:15:07.834
talk, then maybe shoot him an
email with the teams link.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15718-0
01:15:08.264 --> 01:15:12.033
I'm gonna get him the the agenda
of meetings for the first part

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15718-1
01:15:12.033 --> 01:15:13.034
of the afternoon.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15730-0
01:15:13.984 --> 01:15:16.174
Uh, yeah, that's it for the
seminar.

e8c25874-e8c3-4041-9d33-34c47385525e/15733-0
01:15:16.184 --> 01:15:16.704
Thanks, everyone.