WEBVTT e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/55-0 00:00:09.734 --> 00:00:14.314 OK, everyone, welcome to the USGS Earthquake Science Center e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/55-1 00:00:14.314 --> 00:00:18.817 seminar for November 9th. Everyone makes sure you turn off e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/55-2 00:00:18.817 --> 00:00:22.710 your cameras and your microphones, so we give this e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/55-3 00:00:22.710 --> 00:00:25.534 feature speaker undivided attention. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-0 00:00:26.754 --> 00:00:31.236 Few announcements today at noon, there's a virtual lightning talk e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-1 00:00:31.236 --> 00:00:34.767 USGS Town hall, about tribal engagement, indigenous e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-2 00:00:34.767 --> 00:00:38.298 knowledge, equity and inclusivity, and our very own e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-3 00:00:38.298 --> 00:00:42.373 Sarah McBride is giving a talk a lightning talk there about e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-4 00:00:42.373 --> 00:00:46.855 Sheckler. So that's it, 12 right after this or not too long after e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/102-5 00:00:46.855 --> 00:00:47.194 this. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-0 00:00:48.774 --> 00:00:53.076 Just make sure to schedule your user lose leave by November 18th e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-1 00:00:53.076 --> 00:00:56.782 and also if you have a government issued a Apple device e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-2 00:00:56.782 --> 00:01:00.489 like an iPad or an iPhone, you need to upgrade your iOS e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-3 00:01:00.489 --> 00:01:03.864 operating system by November 15th or you might get e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-4 00:01:03.864 --> 00:01:08.100 disconnected and then also just a reminder, Friday is Veteran's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/163-5 00:01:08.100 --> 00:01:11.144 Day. It's a holiday, so don't work on Friday. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/165-0 00:01:12.094 --> 00:01:12.684 Uh. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/183-0 00:01:13.954 --> 00:01:17.477 And so now today we have Christina Morenci from Lawrence e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/183-1 00:01:17.477 --> 00:01:20.999 Livermore, and I'm gonna pass it over to Fred Pollitz to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/183-2 00:01:20.999 --> 00:01:21.864 introduce her. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/196-0 00:01:23.234 --> 00:01:26.635 OK. Thanks, Evan. It's my pleasure to introduce Christina e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/196-1 00:01:26.635 --> 00:01:27.104 Morency. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-0 00:01:28.444 --> 00:01:33.500 She's currently at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-1 00:01:33.500 --> 00:01:38.556 She got her master's degree and then her PhD at a cold, normal e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-2 00:01:38.556 --> 00:01:43.130 superior in Paris in 2003. The she then did a postdoc at e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-3 00:01:43.130 --> 00:01:47.945 University of Ren, France, and another postdoc at Dalhousie e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-4 00:01:47.945 --> 00:01:53.001 University in Canada. She then started in Princeton in 2008 as e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/264-5 00:01:53.001 --> 00:01:57.254 a research associate, and since 2011, she's been at. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/278-0 00:01:57.374 --> 00:02:01.422 France Livermore National Lab, while the Princeton she was e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/278-1 00:02:01.422 --> 00:02:02.794 working in problems. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/310-0 00:02:03.254 --> 00:02:08.452 Ohh, on adjoint methods and seismic tomography. And she also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/310-1 00:02:08.452 --> 00:02:13.650 adapted the seismic wave code spec. Them 2D and 3D to porous e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/310-2 00:02:13.650 --> 00:02:17.484 wave propagation and solving BIOS equations. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/347-0 00:02:18.334 --> 00:02:22.567 Ohh, since she joined the Livermore Lab, she has further e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/347-1 00:02:22.567 --> 00:02:26.428 adapted spec them 3D to handle electromagnetic wave e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/347-2 00:02:26.428 --> 00:02:31.032 propagation, and recently she has combined all three of these e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/347-3 00:02:31.032 --> 00:02:35.413 elements as mid wave, porous wave and electromagnetic wave e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/347-4 00:02:35.413 --> 00:02:36.304 propagation. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-0 00:02:36.784 --> 00:02:41.020 Umm. And a couple in all the governing equations together, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-1 00:02:41.020 --> 00:02:45.544 which is a really powerful tool which has a lot of interesting e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-2 00:02:45.544 --> 00:02:49.851 applications and I'll just add that Christina has been very e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-3 00:02:49.851 --> 00:02:54.159 helpful to some of us in the earthquake Science Center when e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-4 00:02:54.159 --> 00:02:58.683 we've needed help with Spectrum 3D in the past. So that's much e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/431-0 00:02:58.524 --> 00:03:03.543 Are you on the meeting? What do you need? I will just. I'm e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/409-5 00:02:58.683 --> 00:02:59.544 appreciated. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/432-0 00:03:03.294 --> 00:03:06.094 OK. So with that, I'll hand it off to Christina. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/431-1 00:03:03.543 --> 00:03:05.924 trying to give away. Ohh no. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/446-0 00:03:07.744 --> 00:03:11.587 Thank you, Fred, and thank you for the invitation. So I will e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/446-1 00:03:11.587 --> 00:03:13.224 share my screen right now. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/449-0 00:03:15.234 --> 00:03:15.764 Go. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/479-0 00:03:17.084 --> 00:03:21.560 Moving to presentation mode and I believe yes. So yeah, today e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/479-1 00:03:21.560 --> 00:03:25.531 I'd like to talk about a seismic effect for subsurface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/479-2 00:03:25.531 --> 00:03:29.574 characterization. And it seems like a bit of an exotic. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/519-0 00:03:29.674 --> 00:03:34.831 A phenomenon. But I I hope I'll be able to show you that it can e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/519-1 00:03:34.831 --> 00:03:39.826 be of interest for subsurface characterization. It's actually e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/519-2 00:03:39.826 --> 00:03:44.740 something that is pretty old. It was first observed in 1937. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/519-3 00:03:44.740 --> 00:03:48.124 Nineteen 39 by Ivanov, who realized that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-0 00:03:49.074 --> 00:03:53.118 A shaking ground, shaking of medium filled with fluid would e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-1 00:03:53.118 --> 00:03:57.364 also generate some kind of an electric current, so I'm getting e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-2 00:03:57.364 --> 00:04:01.812 ahead of myself here, but that's what size monitor effects is all e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-3 00:04:01.812 --> 00:04:05.586 about. So in term of the presentation today I will show e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-4 00:04:05.586 --> 00:04:09.629 you why seismic to electric conversion, because that's what e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-5 00:04:09.629 --> 00:04:13.808 these seismic electric effects are about is quite interesting e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-6 00:04:13.808 --> 00:04:17.784 for monitoring then what are these effects? And you'll see e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/589-7 00:04:17.784 --> 00:04:19.334 that I use the acronym. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-0 00:04:19.404 --> 00:04:22.857 Need to refer to that these essays money trick effects e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-1 00:04:22.857 --> 00:04:26.625 throughout the presentation and this presentation mainly is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-2 00:04:26.625 --> 00:04:29.764 about the numerical implementation of these sites e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-3 00:04:29.764 --> 00:04:33.782 monitoring effects and like Fred mentioned, they actually arise e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-4 00:04:33.782 --> 00:04:37.549 from the coupling between bio pre elastic seismic equations e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-5 00:04:37.549 --> 00:04:41.505 and the Maxwell electromagnetic equation. And then I'll show a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-6 00:04:41.505 --> 00:04:44.519 synthetic carbon storage monitoring case before e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-7 00:04:44.519 --> 00:04:48.537 concluding and please stay until the end because my last slides e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/666-8 00:04:48.537 --> 00:04:49.604 is about the new. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/695-0 00:04:49.694 --> 00:04:54.129 And a project that I'm leading at the moment, which I believe e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/695-1 00:04:54.129 --> 00:04:58.779 will bring this says money trick effects use to to completion in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/695-2 00:04:58.779 --> 00:05:00.424 terms of practical use. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/712-0 00:05:01.504 --> 00:05:05.350 So why say, speak to electric conversion for monitoring? So e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/712-1 00:05:05.350 --> 00:05:09.004 here I'm I'm particularly focusing on and let me get my. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-0 00:05:09.804 --> 00:05:14.628 Laser point pointer. Yeah. I'm particularly focusing on 2 type e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-1 00:05:14.628 --> 00:05:18.764 of of systems, if you will, which are edges and hence e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-2 00:05:18.764 --> 00:05:23.664 geothermal system where as you know you have a system where you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-3 00:05:23.664 --> 00:05:28.565 are injecting cool water which circulates in a fracture network e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-4 00:05:28.565 --> 00:05:33.083 in an area which is a pretty hot. So that this fluid, this e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-5 00:05:33.083 --> 00:05:37.371 water will get warmed up and then being reinjected in a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/780-6 00:05:37.371 --> 00:05:40.434 turbine system to generate electricity. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-0 00:05:40.684 --> 00:05:45.385 So these are system that are, you know, roughly 5 kilometer e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-1 00:05:45.385 --> 00:05:50.085 deep and involved a couple medium of solid grains and fluid e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-2 00:05:50.085 --> 00:05:54.472 circulating in this system. So it's always important to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-3 00:05:54.472 --> 00:05:58.938 optimize these reservoir performance and that happens if e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-4 00:05:58.938 --> 00:06:03.247 you have a sense of that factor network underneath the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-5 00:06:03.247 --> 00:06:08.026 subsurface another system of interest is carbon storage that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/847-6 00:06:08.026 --> 00:06:09.984 you are injecting carbon. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/898-0 00:06:10.684 --> 00:06:14.646 That we are looking here at one or two kilometer deep kind of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/898-1 00:06:14.646 --> 00:06:18.480 reservoir system. And the idea here is well we want to make e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/898-2 00:06:18.480 --> 00:06:22.570 sure that there are no leaking of this suit tool. So monitoring e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/898-3 00:06:22.570 --> 00:06:26.659 and being able to characterize and image the subsurface is also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/898-4 00:06:26.659 --> 00:06:27.234 critical. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-0 00:06:28.214 --> 00:06:31.962 So usually seismic techniques are used to do this kind of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-1 00:06:31.962 --> 00:06:36.226 subsurface characterization, but we have to acknowledge that even e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-2 00:06:36.226 --> 00:06:39.715 when looking at a holistic formulation of the seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-3 00:06:39.715 --> 00:06:43.591 equation, the seismic techniques do not fully capture fluid e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-4 00:06:43.591 --> 00:06:47.597 properties and fluid related mechanism. On the other end, you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-5 00:06:47.597 --> 00:06:51.796 have electromagnetic techniques which are extremely sensitive to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-6 00:06:51.796 --> 00:06:55.544 fluid properties but do not constrain work properties and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/971-7 00:06:55.544 --> 00:06:58.774 have usually a shallow penetration in the ground. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/989-0 00:06:59.104 --> 00:07:02.758 So here comes this natural phenomena which are seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/989-1 00:07:02.758 --> 00:07:06.346 trick effects which are the translation of seismic to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/989-2 00:07:06.346 --> 00:07:07.674 electric conversion. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1031-0 00:07:08.854 --> 00:07:12.656 And all, I claim that size monetary conversion will enable e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1031-1 00:07:12.656 --> 00:07:15.748 probing of the subsurface at greater depth than e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1031-2 00:07:15.748 --> 00:07:19.936 electromagnetic technique alone and improve sensitivity to fluid e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1031-3 00:07:19.936 --> 00:07:23.480 compared to, say, smooth techniques alone. So how does e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1031-4 00:07:23.480 --> 00:07:24.124 that work? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-0 00:07:25.084 --> 00:07:29.482 Say something to trigger effects are actually a post scale e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-1 00:07:29.482 --> 00:07:34.328 phenomena, and if you look here on the left side, that tells you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-2 00:07:34.328 --> 00:07:38.502 where it comes from. The three saturated post medium is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-3 00:07:38.502 --> 00:07:43.124 naturally charged, meaning that you have this type of ions in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-4 00:07:43.124 --> 00:07:47.820 your post medium. So on the left side you would have the grain e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-5 00:07:47.820 --> 00:07:52.143 which has a positive ions surface which is stabilized and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1108-6 00:07:52.143 --> 00:07:55.274 that's kind of the which saturated pools. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1114-0 00:07:55.364 --> 00:07:57.704 Medium here, and I mean I. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-0 00:07:58.444 --> 00:08:03.543 Bought fleet saturated a system here on that side where you have e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-1 00:08:03.543 --> 00:08:08.250 a series of ions which are free to move. So along the grain e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-2 00:08:08.250 --> 00:08:12.879 surface these ions and here onions are actually stabilized e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-3 00:08:12.879 --> 00:08:17.507 with the positive cations grained subsurface. So these are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-4 00:08:17.507 --> 00:08:22.371 bounded layer which do not move, but then as you move further e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-5 00:08:22.371 --> 00:08:27.156 away from that surface you have free moving ions which means e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1194-6 00:08:27.156 --> 00:08:29.274 that when the seismic wave. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-0 00:08:29.354 --> 00:08:33.381 By getting to the media and that's something that Thompson e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-1 00:08:33.381 --> 00:08:37.680 and guest in the 90s observed and they were able to measure an e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-2 00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:42.047 electric current based on these effect. When you have a seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-3 00:08:42.047 --> 00:08:46.415 source and here at the surface, it's mimicked by hammer or some e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-4 00:08:46.415 --> 00:08:50.714 kind of trigger, you generate a seismic wave, meaning a ground e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1257-5 00:08:50.714 --> 00:08:54.604 motion. And this ground motion put in motion these free. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-0 00:08:54.874 --> 00:08:59.476 Uh and ions and as these charges are moving relative with each e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-1 00:08:59.476 --> 00:09:03.859 other, they are generating an electric current and then you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-2 00:09:03.859 --> 00:09:07.804 generate an electromagnetic wave. Now there are other e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-3 00:09:07.804 --> 00:09:12.406 effects that I will highlight on the next slide, but these are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-4 00:09:12.406 --> 00:09:16.570 well cited or so to kind of characterize interface where e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-5 00:09:16.570 --> 00:09:20.660 there are differences, either mechanical differences or e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-6 00:09:20.660 --> 00:09:25.409 electric dielectric differences. So in their case they were able e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1325-7 00:09:25.409 --> 00:09:26.504 to very nicely. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1357-0 00:09:26.614 --> 00:09:31.358 Image a gas water interface in the subsurface and I think that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1357-1 00:09:31.358 --> 00:09:36.026 was something that they did in the Gulf of Texas. So again in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1357-2 00:09:36.026 --> 00:09:39.264 the 90s and that was a depth of 500 meter. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1406-0 00:09:40.644 --> 00:09:44.562 So if we look at this cartoon and we are interested in, OK, we e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1406-1 00:09:44.562 --> 00:09:47.919 are observing these seismic effects and how does that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1406-2 00:09:47.919 --> 00:09:51.650 translate in terms of the type of data set and measurements e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1406-3 00:09:51.650 --> 00:09:55.568 that we are we are getting. So on this cartoon, we are looking e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1406-4 00:09:55.568 --> 00:09:55.754 at. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-0 00:09:56.894 --> 00:10:01.129 Two layer system you have a hammer at the surface so that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-1 00:10:01.129 --> 00:10:05.655 generates your seismic source which generate seismic wave and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-2 00:10:05.655 --> 00:10:10.181 the one here is the front of the the P wave which is going to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-3 00:10:10.181 --> 00:10:14.489 interact with this interface. Here generate a dipole which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-4 00:10:14.489 --> 00:10:18.650 will trigger say sorry and electric source. So if we put e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-5 00:10:18.650 --> 00:10:22.958 the surface a series of Co located and that's an important e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-6 00:10:22.958 --> 00:10:27.703 aspect of says monitoring effect collocated geophones to measure e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1489-7 00:10:27.703 --> 00:10:28.944 the seismic wave. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-0 00:10:29.014 --> 00:10:33.281 And electrode to measure the electric current. That's what e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-1 00:10:33.281 --> 00:10:37.548 type of signal here that we generate. So on that half here e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-2 00:10:37.548 --> 00:10:42.104 you have seismograms, so ground motion measured at the surface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-3 00:10:42.104 --> 00:10:46.660 you can see that you have the move out of the P wave. Here the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-4 00:10:46.660 --> 00:10:51.071 front. Here one is here. So you have that move out classical e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1548-5 00:10:51.071 --> 00:10:53.674 wave of the system on the electric. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-0 00:10:54.794 --> 00:10:58.799 Recording on the electric part, you have a little bit more e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-1 00:10:58.799 --> 00:11:02.940 information so you can notice that you have a move out which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-2 00:11:02.940 --> 00:11:06.809 resemble in terms of time exactly the seismic component. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-3 00:11:06.809 --> 00:11:10.950 So that's here, that's what we call seismic signal. And then e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-4 00:11:10.950 --> 00:11:15.159 you have two instantaneous type of signal that's time. So you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-5 00:11:15.159 --> 00:11:18.892 can see that these arrive exactly at the same time. So e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-6 00:11:18.892 --> 00:11:22.830 I'll focus first on the #3 that's actually a signal which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1618-7 00:11:22.830 --> 00:11:23.644 is recorded. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1647-0 00:11:24.104 --> 00:11:27.796 On the electric on the electrodes, on the electric side e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1647-1 00:11:27.796 --> 00:11:31.554 of of of your data set, as soon as the seismic source is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1647-2 00:11:31.554 --> 00:11:35.509 triggered. So that's why it arrives at very early times the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1647-3 00:11:35.509 --> 00:11:36.234 second one. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1670-0 00:11:37.054 --> 00:11:41.376 Is generated at the time where the front of the seismic signal e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1670-1 00:11:41.376 --> 00:11:45.424 kind of heat and interface. So an interface meaning again. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-0 00:11:45.764 --> 00:11:49.807 And difference in mechanical properties or difference in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-1 00:11:49.807 --> 00:11:53.495 electrical properties that generate a dipoles which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-2 00:11:53.495 --> 00:11:57.538 generate an instantaneous diffusive electric signal here e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-3 00:11:57.538 --> 00:12:01.722 so again you can see that on the seismic end you have your e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-4 00:12:01.722 --> 00:12:06.190 classical pyenv, you would have a reflection later on too. But e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-5 00:12:06.190 --> 00:12:10.588 on the electric side you are able to capture Coseismic signal e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-6 00:12:10.588 --> 00:12:14.347 seismic electric signal like this one and then these e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1738-7 00:12:14.347 --> 00:12:15.694 interface response. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1767-0 00:12:15.774 --> 00:12:19.175 And the direct field which is associated with the, the source e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1767-1 00:12:19.175 --> 00:12:22.465 being seismic source being triggered. So these are you know e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1767-2 00:12:22.465 --> 00:12:25.427 the element that we are expecting to see for say some e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1767-3 00:12:25.427 --> 00:12:26.304 electric effect. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-0 00:12:27.644 --> 00:12:31.914 So as Fred mentioned earlier, I worked with the spec them e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-1 00:12:31.914 --> 00:12:36.626 packages and here that's just a summary of what you will find 2 e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-2 00:12:36.626 --> 00:12:41.117 for this open source packages spec them is qubit compatible, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-3 00:12:41.117 --> 00:12:45.902 the online open source packages have an elasticity, acoustic and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-4 00:12:45.902 --> 00:12:50.688 poor lastic wave equation and so I added the electromagnetic and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-5 00:12:50.688 --> 00:12:55.252 now the size monitoring effect. It's not open source yet, but e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1835-6 00:12:55.252 --> 00:12:57.534 the goal is once everything is. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-0 00:12:57.604 --> 00:13:01.882 Validated and published the this will be integrated into these e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-1 00:13:01.882 --> 00:13:05.956 these packages in 2D and 3D. The packages are also handling e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-2 00:13:05.956 --> 00:13:10.030 forward and adjoint way for vacation. Today I will focus on e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-3 00:13:10.030 --> 00:13:14.172 the forward aspect but at joint is where I'm going. Spectrum e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-4 00:13:14.172 --> 00:13:18.247 also handle topography and bathymetry, parallel computation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-5 00:13:18.247 --> 00:13:22.321 and GPU's are also included and you can find now these open e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1912-6 00:13:22.321 --> 00:13:25.444 source on these new website httpsspecfem.org. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-0 00:13:26.954 --> 00:13:31.364 So just a summary of the type of equation that you find in two e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-1 00:13:31.364 --> 00:13:35.844 spec them on the seismic side. So again acoustic equation Nstic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-2 00:13:35.844 --> 00:13:39.624 equation and the poroelastic equation, just I will be e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-3 00:13:39.624 --> 00:13:43.754 focusing of course on the powerless equations. So I wanted e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-4 00:13:43.754 --> 00:13:47.604 to show you how they look like and as you can see it's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1966-5 00:13:47.604 --> 00:13:49.774 basically two sets of equation. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/1972-0 00:13:50.674 --> 00:13:53.884 Equations which resemble you know the LSTM. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-0 00:13:54.004 --> 00:13:58.613 A classical where equation, except that you are resolving e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-1 00:13:58.613 --> 00:14:02.984 not only for the solid displacements, so here noted as e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-2 00:14:02.984 --> 00:14:07.990 US, but also for W, which is as you can see here, the relative e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-3 00:14:07.990 --> 00:14:13.075 movement of the fluid compared to the solid and you wait all of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-4 00:14:13.075 --> 00:14:18.240 that by the porosity. So that's how you are able to capture this e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2036-5 00:14:18.240 --> 00:14:20.624 displacement in approx medium. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-0 00:14:21.544 --> 00:14:26.205 No spectral element method, just a brief summary of why it's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-1 00:14:26.205 --> 00:14:31.095 something that has been so, so popular. It's basically a finite e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-2 00:14:31.095 --> 00:14:36.138 element approach, so you can see here for the last query equation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-3 00:14:36.138 --> 00:14:40.952 that you move from a strong form to a weak form by integrating e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-4 00:14:40.952 --> 00:14:45.842 your seismic equation over your domain of integration, and also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-5 00:14:45.842 --> 00:14:50.579 multiplying these equation by a test vector. So again, all of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2108-6 00:14:50.579 --> 00:14:51.954 that is very much. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-0 00:14:52.054 --> 00:14:56.908 Your classical finite element approach, as you can see, you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-1 00:14:56.908 --> 00:15:02.167 have to map your physical medium into a reference medium through e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-2 00:15:02.167 --> 00:15:07.183 a Jacobian. But what really set spectral element method apart e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-3 00:15:07.183 --> 00:15:12.442 for finite element method is the use of two ingredients LaGrange e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-4 00:15:12.442 --> 00:15:16.729 polynomials to expand the displacement and the field e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-5 00:15:16.729 --> 00:15:21.988 functions of your system at very specific location which are the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2174-6 00:15:21.988 --> 00:15:22.554 ghosts. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2204-0 00:15:22.654 --> 00:15:26.753 Lobato Lejean integration points so that leads to a set of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2204-1 00:15:26.753 --> 00:15:30.851 polynomials that have very interesting characteristics and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2204-2 00:15:30.851 --> 00:15:34.672 you can see here the 3-4 LaGrange polynomials. So that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2204-3 00:15:34.672 --> 00:15:35.714 will be 1 here. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2247-0 00:15:36.374 --> 00:15:40.772 Another one here in yellow, the one in green and the one in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2247-1 00:15:40.772 --> 00:15:45.097 blue. And what you notice is that there are specific point e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2247-2 00:15:45.097 --> 00:15:49.496 which are the GL points here, here, here and here where all e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2247-3 00:15:49.496 --> 00:15:52.794 these polynomials are equal to 0 except one. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-0 00:15:53.814 --> 00:15:58.645 All the polynomials are equal to 0 except one, so that provides a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-1 00:15:58.645 --> 00:16:03.329 these characteristics that when you expand your field function, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-2 00:16:03.329 --> 00:16:07.427 you actually only have one polynomials, which gives you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-3 00:16:07.427 --> 00:16:12.038 information and all the rest is equal to 0. So when you couple e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-4 00:16:12.038 --> 00:16:16.795 that with this integration rule, GLL quadrature integration rule e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2305-5 00:16:16.795 --> 00:16:20.674 that lead to a diagonal mass matrix and that is the. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-0 00:16:21.444 --> 00:16:24.964 Saint Graal of of spectral element method because that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-1 00:16:24.964 --> 00:16:28.931 diagonal mathematics is very easily to invert because you are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-2 00:16:28.931 --> 00:16:33.026 actually going line by line and just dividing by that value. So e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-3 00:16:33.026 --> 00:16:36.289 that allows us to use an explicit time marching to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-4 00:16:36.289 --> 00:16:39.809 resolve these equations. So that's the key of spectral e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2362-5 00:16:39.809 --> 00:16:41.664 element method in a nutshell. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2366-0 00:16:42.844 --> 00:16:44.424 So like I mentioned. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-0 00:16:45.164 --> 00:16:50.050 Inspect them. We have the bio pre elastic seismic equation and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-1 00:16:50.050 --> 00:16:55.092 now I would like to present the electromagnetic running equation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-2 00:16:55.092 --> 00:16:59.668 which are basically Maxwell equation. So a set of faradays e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-3 00:16:59.668 --> 00:17:04.088 laws unpair Maxwell slows to constitutive equation and a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-4 00:17:04.088 --> 00:17:09.130 current density. As you can see here we are solving for magnetic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-5 00:17:09.130 --> 00:17:13.628 field H electric field E involving magnetic induction and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2433-6 00:17:13.628 --> 00:17:15.334 electric displacement. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-0 00:17:15.504 --> 00:17:18.787 For the constitutive relationship, and that's kind of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-1 00:17:18.787 --> 00:17:22.434 the the the excitation and the source term here, which is a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-2 00:17:22.434 --> 00:17:26.264 function of the electric field and then this streaming current e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-3 00:17:26.264 --> 00:17:29.973 density, which I'll show you how that clings actually to the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-4 00:17:29.973 --> 00:17:33.377 sales monitoring effect. As you can see for this set of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-5 00:17:33.377 --> 00:17:37.085 equation, well, you'll notice this close function, which can e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-6 00:17:37.085 --> 00:17:40.672 be a little bit annoying to handle in terms of resolution, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2494-7 00:17:40.672 --> 00:17:40.854 so. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-0 00:17:42.094 --> 00:17:46.671 Found this paper 2012 paper by equally which was a full e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-1 00:17:46.671 --> 00:17:51.574 revelation in terms of using Maxwell governing equation and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-2 00:17:51.574 --> 00:17:56.722 rewriting them a little bit. So the way you rewrite them based e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-3 00:17:56.722 --> 00:18:01.789 on a Kitty formulation is by modifying these two three set of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-4 00:18:01.789 --> 00:18:06.447 equations by writing the magnetic field and the magnetic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-5 00:18:06.447 --> 00:18:11.024 induction as well as the magnetic permeability slightly e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2560-6 00:18:11.024 --> 00:18:12.004 differently. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-0 00:18:12.454 --> 00:18:16.660 So initially you have a vector and here you write them as a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-1 00:18:16.660 --> 00:18:21.216 antisymmetric matrix. So tensor as you can see here and when you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-2 00:18:21.216 --> 00:18:25.561 do that and you replace in this equation, that's what you end e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-3 00:18:25.561 --> 00:18:29.907 end with. So at that point maybe not quite yet, but if we are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-4 00:18:29.907 --> 00:18:33.692 using now this system of equation and rating things a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-5 00:18:33.692 --> 00:18:38.108 little bit differently, that's what you get. And at that point e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-6 00:18:38.108 --> 00:18:42.033 you should recognize that this looks very well like the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2630-7 00:18:42.033 --> 00:18:42.944 mathematical. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2670-0 00:18:43.044 --> 00:18:46.794 Formulation of the seismic where the equation as you can see e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2670-1 00:18:46.794 --> 00:18:50.729 here, the only difference being that here you have a minus term e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2670-2 00:18:50.729 --> 00:18:54.417 and here for the strain on the seismic side you have a plus e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2670-3 00:18:54.417 --> 00:18:55.954 term but other than that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2726-0 00:18:56.684 --> 00:19:00.975 Considering that Jay is your source term, everything very e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2726-1 00:19:00.975 --> 00:19:05.340 much look alike. So based on this equivalence I went on to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2726-2 00:19:05.340 --> 00:19:10.000 implement this set of equations in Stepfan very much following e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2726-3 00:19:10.000 --> 00:19:13.847 the implementation of the seismic equation, so that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2726-4 00:19:13.847 --> 00:19:16.954 allowed obviously to have the video port. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-0 00:19:17.104 --> 00:19:22.106 Which says make equation as well as the electromagnetic equation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-1 00:19:22.106 --> 00:19:26.955 in the same code being ready to a couple to couple the two. So e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-2 00:19:26.955 --> 00:19:31.726 that's also a way to leverage the spec fan semi architecture. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-3 00:19:31.726 --> 00:19:36.728 Then the equation we are now. So resolving these electromagnetic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-4 00:19:36.728 --> 00:19:40.961 equation using the spectral element approach and added e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2791-5 00:19:40.961 --> 00:19:42.654 something that it can. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-0 00:19:43.474 --> 00:19:47.464 It put the equations together, but it actually didn't implement e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-1 00:19:47.464 --> 00:19:51.267 it. Implementing them and at that point when I performed the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-2 00:19:51.267 --> 00:19:55.132 implementation, I also want you to take into account the fact e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-3 00:19:55.132 --> 00:19:58.997 that we do have attenuation and dispersion processes involved e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-4 00:19:58.997 --> 00:20:02.925 with the permeability and with the conductivity which resemble e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-5 00:20:02.925 --> 00:20:06.416 how we handle inelasticity in this case. So that's also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2853-6 00:20:06.416 --> 00:20:09.034 included in the final formulation. So OK. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2880-0 00:20:09.974 --> 00:20:12.770 Just to summarize, some equivalence between e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2880-1 00:20:12.770 --> 00:20:16.836 electromagnetic and seismic wave equation for the seismic part, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2880-2 00:20:16.836 --> 00:20:19.314 we are solving for the displacement U. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2913-0 00:20:19.994 --> 00:20:24.089 For the electromagnetic part, we are actually solving for the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2913-1 00:20:24.089 --> 00:20:28.317 electric field electric field E. Now the stress is actually the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2913-2 00:20:28.317 --> 00:20:32.610 time derivative of the magnetic field density rule equivalent to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2913-3 00:20:32.610 --> 00:20:32.874 the. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-0 00:20:32.934 --> 00:20:37.407 The optical connectivity, the elastic tensor resemble the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-1 00:20:37.407 --> 00:20:41.726 magnetic permeability tensor now, and the strain is the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-2 00:20:41.726 --> 00:20:46.739 magnetic induction and this term here the the the convolution of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-3 00:20:46.739 --> 00:20:51.521 the connectivity and the time variation of the electric field e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-4 00:20:51.521 --> 00:20:56.226 actually has the same behavior as the viscous damping in the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-5 00:20:56.226 --> 00:21:01.008 prolastin equation and then the streaming current here become e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/2974-6 00:21:01.008 --> 00:21:02.704 your full source term. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3021-0 00:21:03.224 --> 00:21:08.107 Alright, so again we have Bo on one end for the seismic part and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3021-1 00:21:08.107 --> 00:21:13.066 Maxwell on the other end for the electromagnetic part. And now we e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3021-2 00:21:13.066 --> 00:21:17.874 are coupling the two to handle the size money trick effects. So e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3021-3 00:21:17.874 --> 00:21:22.607 the way it's done is to these coupling term here QV which is a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3021-4 00:21:22.607 --> 00:21:24.034 way to capture the. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-0 00:21:24.714 --> 00:21:28.842 The the the the amount of movable charges in your purse e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-1 00:21:28.842 --> 00:21:33.412 media. So again remember at the start I said that the the the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-2 00:21:33.412 --> 00:21:38.204 electric current comes from the movement of these ions in the in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-3 00:21:38.204 --> 00:21:42.331 the proofs network. So that's what this factor of UV is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-4 00:21:42.331 --> 00:21:47.049 capturing now. You also see that although I'm focusing and I've e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-5 00:21:47.049 --> 00:21:51.693 been talking about seismic to electric conversion, we are also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3088-6 00:21:51.693 --> 00:21:53.904 capturing the reverse of that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3132-0 00:21:54.124 --> 00:21:58.660 And coupling, which is electric to seismic conversion through e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3132-1 00:21:58.660 --> 00:22:03.269 that term. So again you have a holistic systemic equation here e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3132-2 00:22:03.269 --> 00:22:07.585 which generates a Darcy flow, that's what is captured into e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3132-3 00:22:07.585 --> 00:22:12.121 that acceleration here which generate an electric current and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3132-4 00:22:12.121 --> 00:22:13.584 is gonna drive your. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-0 00:22:13.694 --> 00:22:18.528 A electric equation. So at at that time when these electric e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-1 00:22:18.528 --> 00:22:22.798 current is generated, it also can drive your seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-2 00:22:22.798 --> 00:22:27.873 equations. That's what you can see here. Note that the seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-3 00:22:27.873 --> 00:22:32.707 to electric conversion so has been observed, like I said in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-4 00:22:32.707 --> 00:22:37.299 the late 30s, the electric to seismic conversion, that's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-5 00:22:37.299 --> 00:22:41.891 that's something which is extremely, extremely weak, but e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3208-6 00:22:41.891 --> 00:22:43.824 we can model it here in. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3211-0 00:22:43.894 --> 00:22:44.324 In that case. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3241-0 00:22:45.384 --> 00:22:49.285 So now so we have that implemented in in spec fam and I e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3241-1 00:22:49.285 --> 00:22:53.534 just run a couple of synthetic cases based on carbon storage e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3241-2 00:22:53.534 --> 00:22:57.644 monitoring. So this is a little cartoon showing you in 2D. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-0 00:22:59.044 --> 00:23:03.350 To, well, surveys, so you are the well where you have your e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-1 00:23:03.350 --> 00:23:07.583 seismic source a well where you have a receivers. So both e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-2 00:23:07.583 --> 00:23:11.743 geophones and electrodes and also for the sake of feet a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-3 00:23:11.743 --> 00:23:16.486 surface receivers here. So that will be before CO2 injection and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-4 00:23:16.486 --> 00:23:20.938 this one is after CO2 injection where I just put a medium of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3310-5 00:23:20.938 --> 00:23:24.514 different properties which are close to the CO2. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-0 00:23:24.614 --> 00:23:29.682 And you two properties. So just to be clear, this homogeneous e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-1 00:23:29.682 --> 00:23:34.913 medium here is a porous medium. So we are modeling here a brine e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-2 00:23:34.913 --> 00:23:39.898 saturated peruse media and here we just changing so that the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-3 00:23:39.898 --> 00:23:44.721 fluid properties to seal to compared to Brian that changes e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-4 00:23:44.721 --> 00:23:48.889 not only the mechanical properties which speed are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-5 00:23:48.889 --> 00:23:53.548 different, but at that also changes. And here I wrote it e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3379-6 00:23:53.548 --> 00:23:55.264 here the resistivity. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3428-0 00:23:55.354 --> 00:23:59.517 Or the reverse of the conductivity, there is actually e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3428-1 00:23:59.517 --> 00:24:04.066 three order of three orders of magnitude difference in the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3428-2 00:24:04.066 --> 00:24:08.384 conductivity between a brain saturated medium and a CO2 e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3428-3 00:24:08.384 --> 00:24:13.086 saturated medium. And as you can see here we're using Ricker e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3428-4 00:24:13.086 --> 00:24:16.864 wavelet of 120 Hertz here to trigger the system. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3447-0 00:24:18.344 --> 00:24:22.310 So OK, let's look at before CO2 injections. So this is a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3447-1 00:24:22.310 --> 00:24:25.024 homogeneous medium. What do we record? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-0 00:24:25.684 --> 00:24:29.847 As you can see here at the top, this is the solid seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-1 00:24:29.847 --> 00:24:34.296 displacement. The triggering of the source. The receivers are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-2 00:24:34.296 --> 00:24:38.602 here. You can see the front of the P wave everything beings e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-3 00:24:38.602 --> 00:24:43.052 like you would expect. Now if you look at the electric field, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-4 00:24:43.052 --> 00:24:47.214 you can see the same type of wavefront propagating at the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-5 00:24:47.214 --> 00:24:50.874 same time as the seismic displacement. This is the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-6 00:24:50.874 --> 00:24:55.324 Coseismic electric field, which is directly triggered by this e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3520-7 00:24:55.324 --> 00:24:55.754 solid. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3539-0 00:24:55.854 --> 00:25:00.294 Displacement. So we just checked that we were able to measure e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3539-1 00:25:00.294 --> 00:25:02.514 this coseismic electric signal. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3541-0 00:25:04.134 --> 00:25:04.734 Now. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3556-0 00:25:05.574 --> 00:25:09.574 Looking at before CO2 injection and after CO2 injection and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3556-1 00:25:09.574 --> 00:25:10.574 looking at the. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-0 00:25:10.854 --> 00:25:15.238 And sensitive data set collected at the surface receivers and the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-1 00:25:15.238 --> 00:25:19.355 borehole receivers. You can see here the seismic displacement e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-2 00:25:19.355 --> 00:25:23.141 that colon and the electric field in that column. Here a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-3 00:25:23.141 --> 00:25:27.192 little bit of noise here, but please disregard that. But for e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-4 00:25:27.192 --> 00:25:31.509 the surface receivers, you see a classical P move out here being e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-5 00:25:31.509 --> 00:25:35.627 recorded again before school 2 injections. So that's just the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-6 00:25:35.627 --> 00:25:39.944 homogeneous medium. And for the borehole receivers here, you see e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3624-7 00:25:39.944 --> 00:25:41.604 again classical move out. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-0 00:25:41.704 --> 00:25:46.393 Of the of the P wave now on the electric field side, it's very e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-1 00:25:46.393 --> 00:25:50.338 small, but I trust me it was there. There is a quasi e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-2 00:25:50.338 --> 00:25:54.729 instantaneous signal which correspond to the time at which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-3 00:25:54.729 --> 00:25:59.195 the weaker excitation has been triggered and you can see it e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-4 00:25:59.195 --> 00:26:03.735 slightly better here. That's a quasi instantaneous interface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-5 00:26:03.735 --> 00:26:07.977 signal which correspond to the surface here and then the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3693-6 00:26:07.977 --> 00:26:12.294 coseismic electric signal, which again has the same form. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-0 00:26:12.414 --> 00:26:16.854 As the the P wave and for the ball receivers we observe the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-1 00:26:16.854 --> 00:26:21.590 same can see a little bit more here of that quasi instantaneous e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-2 00:26:21.590 --> 00:26:26.030 source excitation. And again here very nicely the interface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-3 00:26:26.030 --> 00:26:30.914 conversion here which correspond to the when the the front of the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-4 00:26:30.914 --> 00:26:35.724 wave it is your face. So that's here and here again because it's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-5 00:26:35.724 --> 00:26:40.534 mixing which resemble the P wave now after injection. So we have e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3766-6 00:26:40.534 --> 00:26:40.904 that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3810-0 00:26:41.634 --> 00:26:45.861 In a very cartoonish rectangle here in the area, what do we see e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3810-1 00:26:45.861 --> 00:26:49.559 on the seismic displacement? Again P wave and on in the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3810-2 00:26:49.559 --> 00:26:53.851 borehole P wave here in in, in a shape that resembled the before e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3810-3 00:26:53.851 --> 00:26:57.813 injection. Now we know that if we were to actually put them e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3810-4 00:26:57.813 --> 00:26:59.794 together, there is a delay in. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-0 00:27:00.234 --> 00:27:04.182 In the in the in the waveform, because the wave speed again is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-1 00:27:04.182 --> 00:27:07.942 affected by the the the CO2 properties, but other than that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-2 00:27:07.942 --> 00:27:11.828 pretty much you know just a P wave that that you see there on e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-3 00:27:11.828 --> 00:27:15.839 the electric side on the other end things are a little bit more e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-4 00:27:15.839 --> 00:27:19.849 complex. So you see here that's your coseismic electric signal. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-5 00:27:19.849 --> 00:27:23.735 There is also the interface here corresponding to the surface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3875-6 00:27:23.735 --> 00:27:26.304 that is now doesn't have quite a strong. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3917-0 00:27:26.394 --> 00:27:31.436 And a amplitude because most of that signal is dominated by e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3917-1 00:27:31.436 --> 00:27:36.394 these two strong interface conversion, which correspond to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3917-2 00:27:36.394 --> 00:27:41.604 the edges of that anomaly in the medium, and that you can see e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3917-3 00:27:41.604 --> 00:27:46.394 them in the surface receivers and in the ball receivers. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-0 00:27:47.674 --> 00:27:52.518 So I hope I convinced you that this on this synthetic models we e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-1 00:27:52.518 --> 00:27:56.680 can really model that Sizemore electric effects, which e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-2 00:27:56.680 --> 00:28:01.070 translate into a coseismic electric signal propagating at e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-3 00:28:01.070 --> 00:28:05.081 the same speed as the seismic signal, but also quasi e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-4 00:28:05.081 --> 00:28:09.395 instantaneous electric signal generated when the seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-5 00:28:09.395 --> 00:28:13.936 source is triggered and also quasi instantaneous seismic to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/3992-6 00:28:13.936 --> 00:28:18.174 electric conversion at material discontinuity. So here. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4007-0 00:28:18.274 --> 00:28:23.054 Either a surface or the this anomaly of of a different e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4007-1 00:28:23.054 --> 00:28:25.314 element in the subsurface. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4010-0 00:28:27.694 --> 00:28:28.734 So to conclude. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-0 00:28:29.374 --> 00:28:33.598 I I hope I successfully showed that we are able to model e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-1 00:28:33.598 --> 00:28:38.340 numerically the saves money to effects which are assessed me to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-2 00:28:38.340 --> 00:28:42.564 electric conversion but characterized by cosmic electric e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-3 00:28:42.564 --> 00:28:47.084 signal, quasi instantaneous electric signal from the seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-4 00:28:47.084 --> 00:28:51.233 source quasi instantaneous interface response. I show a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-5 00:28:51.233 --> 00:28:56.124 sensitive case of carbon storage monitoring, but I think that was e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4089-6 00:28:56.124 --> 00:28:59.384 also a quite valid to show the sensitivity. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4128-0 00:28:59.504 --> 00:29:04.021 To electric contrast, due to the injection of carbon storage of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4128-1 00:29:04.021 --> 00:29:08.043 CO2, they see data set can capture unique information as e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4128-2 00:29:08.043 --> 00:29:12.347 opposed to purely seismic or purely electromagnetic records. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4128-3 00:29:12.347 --> 00:29:13.194 And finally. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-0 00:29:13.274 --> 00:29:17.360 And because you only use one size mix sauce and then e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-1 00:29:17.360 --> 00:29:22.216 geophones and electrodes, it's a more effective cost effective e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-2 00:29:22.216 --> 00:29:26.609 field survey than to run seismic surveys on one hand and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-3 00:29:26.609 --> 00:29:31.542 electromagnetic surveys on the other hand, which would each use e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-4 00:29:31.542 --> 00:29:36.553 a different and separate sources and deployment. So as I said, I e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-5 00:29:36.553 --> 00:29:41.178 just wanted to finish on the new project that we're leading e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4195-6 00:29:41.178 --> 00:29:43.644 following up on these numerical. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4197-0 00:29:43.724 --> 00:29:44.214 And. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4219-0 00:29:44.974 --> 00:29:48.818 Extension to says monitored effect that's funded by a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4219-1 00:29:48.818 --> 00:29:52.234 European agency, geochemical I mean that was a. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-0 00:29:52.304 --> 00:29:56.483 You and European calls you termica our project proposal is e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-1 00:29:56.483 --> 00:30:01.017 named seismic trick effects for geothermal resources assessment e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-2 00:30:01.017 --> 00:30:05.408 and monitoring acronym C4 Geo. And the goal here is to assess e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-3 00:30:05.408 --> 00:30:10.083 the C technique in terms of data acquisition cost and quality for e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-4 00:30:10.083 --> 00:30:14.475 geothermal subsurface imaging and monitoring. So at reservoir e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-5 00:30:14.475 --> 00:30:18.442 scale and again the claim is that it will be a low cost e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4311-6 00:30:18.442 --> 00:30:22.904 deployment technique compared to the classical seismic on one. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-0 00:30:22.984 --> 00:30:27.525 And an electromagnetic on the other end. And what we are doing e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-1 00:30:27.525 --> 00:30:31.777 and and fortunate to do with colleagues from University of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-2 00:30:31.777 --> 00:30:36.245 Hawaii at Manoa University, the pool, EDP, LADOO and INRIA in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-3 00:30:36.245 --> 00:30:40.930 France as well at a company TLS geothermal located in France and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-4 00:30:40.930 --> 00:30:44.750 our Norwegian colleague in Monteiro and Knox, we are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-5 00:30:44.750 --> 00:30:49.074 putting together a team with a numerical lab experiment and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4386-6 00:30:49.074 --> 00:30:53.254 field deployment expertise. So we are looking at a fully. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-0 00:30:53.304 --> 00:30:58.042 Integrated approach where we're developing this time a in end e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-1 00:30:58.042 --> 00:31:02.550 user friendly scenery called package to improve subsurface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-2 00:31:02.550 --> 00:31:07.211 characterization. Today only handled the forward calculation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-3 00:31:07.211 --> 00:31:12.025 but as I said at the beginning I'm also looking at integrating e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-4 00:31:12.025 --> 00:31:16.916 and a joint approach to be able to generate sensitivity kernels e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-5 00:31:16.916 --> 00:31:21.730 for the seismic, electromagnetic and the coupling of these two e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4455-6 00:31:21.730 --> 00:31:24.404 which will allow us to invert for. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4458-0 00:31:24.504 --> 00:31:25.354 Not only. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4471-0 00:31:25.434 --> 00:31:31.068 And that was a rock properties, but also fluid properties at the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4471-1 00:31:31.068 --> 00:31:31.934 same time. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-0 00:31:32.634 --> 00:31:36.828 Ohh, we are coupling that with laboratory experiments to to to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-1 00:31:36.828 --> 00:31:40.888 the see signal dependence on temperature and electrolytes as e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-2 00:31:40.888 --> 00:31:45.215 well as support and validate our numerical approach. And finally e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-3 00:31:45.215 --> 00:31:49.208 the field survey will be the cherry on the cake to show the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-4 00:31:49.208 --> 00:31:53.335 practical use of this size money trick effect for actual view e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-5 00:31:53.335 --> 00:31:57.196 thermal monitoring and these are informed not only by the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-6 00:31:57.196 --> 00:32:01.390 laboratory experiments but also by the numerical modeling. And e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4551-7 00:32:01.390 --> 00:32:02.654 if you are the Edu. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-0 00:32:03.074 --> 00:32:07.140 This year I'll be giving a invited talk as an overview and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-1 00:32:07.140 --> 00:32:11.620 also show some of these already collected set of data on Monday. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-2 00:32:11.620 --> 00:32:16.100 There will be also another talk focusing on that cooking term. I e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-3 00:32:16.100 --> 00:32:20.097 went through it very quickly, but it's actually frequency e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-4 00:32:20.097 --> 00:32:24.232 dependent. So we also run a separate study just to see what e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4622-5 00:32:24.232 --> 00:32:27.264 kind of approximation we can carry on that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-0 00:32:27.754 --> 00:32:31.627 On that factor and still be accurate in our modeling. And e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-1 00:32:31.627 --> 00:32:35.834 finally, the last session will be on the laboratory experiment e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-2 00:32:35.834 --> 00:32:40.040 and show the dependence of that size, small electric signal to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-3 00:32:40.040 --> 00:32:44.113 temperature and the type of dielectric fluid that we have in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-4 00:32:44.113 --> 00:32:47.519 the subsurface, which is critical in Azure thermal e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-5 00:32:47.519 --> 00:32:51.725 setting. So I think I went very quickly, but at least a lot of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4689-6 00:32:51.725 --> 00:32:55.264 time for questions. So thank you for your attention. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4706-0 00:33:01.144 --> 00:33:04.488 Thank you, Christina. How do we have any questions people can e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4706-1 00:33:04.488 --> 00:33:07.184 raise their hand or type something into the chat? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4730-0 00:33:12.784 --> 00:33:17.707 I'll ask one uh, yeah. Great talk. Christina. What? What are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4715-0 00:33:14.274 --> 00:33:14.824 Sure, go ahead. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4723-0 00:33:17.034 --> 00:33:17.694 Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4730-1 00:33:17.707 --> 00:33:20.774 specifically the electric properties? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4752-0 00:33:20.844 --> 00:33:25.121 Ohh that you think can be constrained in the subsurface e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4752-1 00:33:25.121 --> 00:33:29.474 and in which of those do you think can be best resolved? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4773-0 00:33:30.824 --> 00:33:34.642 So when you look at the equation, you see that the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4773-1 00:33:34.642 --> 00:33:38.610 electric properties will be the permittivity and the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4773-2 00:33:38.610 --> 00:33:42.054 conductivity. Here we also have the magnetic. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4807-0 00:33:42.134 --> 00:33:46.695 The permeability here, but that's usually, you know in term e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4807-1 00:33:46.695 --> 00:33:51.331 of looking at the subsurface something that can be constant. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4807-2 00:33:51.331 --> 00:33:55.740 So I'm I'm not expecting to resolve that much in terms of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4807-3 00:33:55.740 --> 00:33:58.704 the permittivity and the conductivity. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4825-0 00:33:59.504 --> 00:34:03.313 The conductivity will be the element which will have the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4825-1 00:34:03.313 --> 00:34:06.654 strongest sensitivity with what we're looking at. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-0 00:34:07.124 --> 00:34:11.023 And when I saw the carbon storage sensitive case, you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-1 00:34:11.023 --> 00:34:15.645 might have noticed the dominant frequency that is used in those e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-2 00:34:15.645 --> 00:34:20.121 in those cases, which will be very close to what we also will e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-3 00:34:20.121 --> 00:34:24.526 use in the geothermal setting which are in the 100 of Hertz. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-4 00:34:24.526 --> 00:34:29.003 So in essence, you are in the diffusive kind of domain of the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-5 00:34:29.003 --> 00:34:33.696 electromagnetic equation. So in that case sensitivity is more on e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4898-6 00:34:33.696 --> 00:34:36.584 the conductivity than the conductivity. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4916-0 00:34:36.744 --> 00:34:39.611 So yeah, conductivity will be the the the the properties. The e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4916-1 00:34:39.611 --> 00:34:42.293 main properties that we will be inverting for the for the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4916-2 00:34:42.293 --> 00:34:43.264 electromagnetic part. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4920-0 00:34:45.414 --> 00:34:46.324 OK. Thanks. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4925-0 00:34:55.414 --> 00:34:56.664 Steve Hickman. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4971-0 00:34:57.214 --> 00:34:59.925 Yeah. Hi. Hi. That was a fascinating talk. And I'm e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4971-1 00:34:59.925 --> 00:35:02.848 curious, do you have to worry about attenuation of the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4971-2 00:35:02.848 --> 00:35:06.143 electromagnetic signal as it approaches the borehole array or e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4971-3 00:35:06.143 --> 00:35:09.066 the surface? And what does this mean for sort of depth e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/4971-4 00:35:09.066 --> 00:35:11.564 limitations of this joint inversion technique? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-0 00:35:11.774 --> 00:35:16.275 Yeah, no, excellent question. Uh, the electric signal from e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-1 00:35:16.275 --> 00:35:21.080 that conversion is known to be strongly attenuated. The signal e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-2 00:35:21.080 --> 00:35:25.504 to noise ratio is actually some of the the risk of of the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-3 00:35:25.504 --> 00:35:30.234 approach. Now. We were fortunate to be able to put their name e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-4 00:35:30.234 --> 00:35:34.963 here. But through that project that we are now involved in to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-5 00:35:34.963 --> 00:35:39.768 work with Eric Butler from the University of New Brunswick and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5045-6 00:35:39.768 --> 00:35:41.904 is developed pre amplifiers. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-0 00:35:42.004 --> 00:35:45.697 Pacifically for, say, some electric measurement. So that's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-1 00:35:45.697 --> 00:35:49.202 for the field deployment, something that can boost that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-2 00:35:49.202 --> 00:35:53.270 signal. So that's the one hand. Second hand. We are also working e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-3 00:35:53.270 --> 00:35:57.213 on modeling some of these field deployment to try and optimize e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-4 00:35:57.213 --> 00:36:01.281 the geometry of the deployment. Where would it be more efficient e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-5 00:36:01.281 --> 00:36:05.099 to put your your phones and electrodes together? The maximum e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-6 00:36:05.099 --> 00:36:09.042 return on on that signal. And then finally for the processing, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5117-7 00:36:09.042 --> 00:36:12.234 we will also be looking at kind of interferometry. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5139-0 00:36:12.304 --> 00:36:16.758 Technique to try and boost again that that response, but you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5139-1 00:36:16.758 --> 00:36:21.139 write that attenuation is our main enemy for this. For this e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5139-2 00:36:21.139 --> 00:36:22.234 approach, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5177-0 00:36:22.684 --> 00:36:25.480 Yeah, but I mean, it looks like it has great potential. So I'm e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5177-1 00:36:25.480 --> 00:36:28.319 very curious to see how it works for geothermal fields since we e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5177-2 00:36:28.319 --> 00:36:31.115 don't really have a good way of imaging fluid flow, especially e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5177-3 00:36:31.115 --> 00:36:33.511 as stimulated by seismic deformation. So this is very e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5177-4 00:36:33.511 --> 00:36:33.954 promising. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5182-0 00:36:34.654 --> 00:36:35.664 Yeah, makes sense. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5209-0 00:36:34.994 --> 00:36:38.339 I had. I had another question too in the observation. Well, it e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5209-1 00:36:38.339 --> 00:36:41.736 wells are typically caused with steel with metal seeing through e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5209-2 00:36:41.736 --> 00:36:44.922 that steel. Is that a problem for the antenna array or not? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5209-3 00:36:44.922 --> 00:36:46.514 And how do you deal with that? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5261-0 00:36:46.914 --> 00:36:51.050 Again, good, good, good, very good question. So that's why I'm e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5261-1 00:36:51.050 --> 00:36:55.120 fortunate because I am not feel person to be working with two e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5261-2 00:36:55.120 --> 00:36:59.125 two companies, TLS, geothermal and montiero. So they are the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5261-3 00:36:59.125 --> 00:37:03.261 one designing the proper aspect of these electrodes to be able e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5261-4 00:37:03.261 --> 00:37:07.134 indeed not to be blinded by by those type of casing, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5269-0 00:37:07.614 --> 00:37:09.864 OK, so a special installation of some sort. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5275-0 00:37:10.104 --> 00:37:11.424 Yes, yes, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5281-0 00:37:10.874 --> 00:37:13.324 Great. OK. Thank you very much. Excellent work. Thanks. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5284-0 00:37:13.654 --> 00:37:14.184 Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5289-0 00:37:23.634 --> 00:37:25.964 I guess. Ohh Jamie. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5293-0 00:37:27.664 --> 00:37:28.574 Yeah. Can you hear me? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5295-0 00:37:28.954 --> 00:37:29.314 Yes. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5343-0 00:37:29.904 --> 00:37:34.511 Yeah, I'm just curious, could you use the just the electric to e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5343-1 00:37:34.511 --> 00:37:39.190 get at water table? Like if you wanna image water table without e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5343-2 00:37:39.190 --> 00:37:43.870 even using the seismic, it was that the use with this method be e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5343-3 00:37:43.870 --> 00:37:48.184 useful for just trying to identify shallow water table and e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5343-4 00:37:48.184 --> 00:37:49.134 and alluvium. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-0 00:37:49.514 --> 00:37:54.355 Yes. Yeah, not very much. And actually that's obviously I went e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-1 00:37:54.355 --> 00:37:59.273 very quickly on that last slide since you know that's that's my e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-2 00:37:59.273 --> 00:38:04.268 issue talk. But we are fortunate to collaborate with a colleague e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-3 00:38:04.268 --> 00:38:08.878 in France who did his PhD and collected seismic data set in e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-4 00:38:08.878 --> 00:38:13.335 France on the little field scale. So for us that gives us e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-5 00:38:13.335 --> 00:38:17.638 kind of an intermediate scale from lab to then the full e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5412-6 00:38:17.638 --> 00:38:18.944 geothermal scale. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5446-0 00:38:19.494 --> 00:38:23.322 But in his data set, and he's able to see that they are e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5446-1 00:38:23.322 --> 00:38:27.629 recalled of the water table in the area where Iran, that, that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5446-2 00:38:27.629 --> 00:38:31.183 experiment that is being eliminated by the electric e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5446-3 00:38:31.183 --> 00:38:34.054 electric field. So yeah, very much, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5460-0 00:38:34.614 --> 00:38:37.309 Yeah, that's that's great. Thanks. That's really great e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5460-1 00:38:37.309 --> 00:38:38.974 talk. I appreciate it. Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5462-0 00:38:38.854 --> 00:38:39.794 Thank you. Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5466-0 00:38:41.764 --> 00:38:42.354 I guess. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5487-0 00:38:43.194 --> 00:38:48.459 I have a kind of question like is there a a thermal electric e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5487-1 00:38:48.459 --> 00:38:51.824 coupling that you have to account for? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-0 00:38:55.034 --> 00:38:59.135 That's. Yeah, good question. So I'll, I'll let that to my e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-1 00:38:59.135 --> 00:39:03.448 colleague who are running the laboratory experiment. So they e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-2 00:39:03.448 --> 00:39:08.044 will be looking at the impact of temperature definitively on on, e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-3 00:39:08.044 --> 00:39:12.569 on the signal. Now the effect of temperature itself, that's not e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-4 00:39:12.569 --> 00:39:16.882 something that I was planning on implementing in the seismic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-5 00:39:16.882 --> 00:39:21.407 equation themselves. It will be more getting kind of an average e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-6 00:39:21.407 --> 00:39:25.861 ID of in Azure thermal setting the temperature will be kind of e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5562-7 00:39:25.861 --> 00:39:27.204 in the 202 hundred. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-0 00:39:27.314 --> 00:39:32.098 I think a degree Celsius and so for me in term of analyzing that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-1 00:39:32.098 --> 00:39:36.954 that that type of medium will be OK, that's a average temperature e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-2 00:39:36.954 --> 00:39:41.370 and that's not something that I will be implementing in the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-3 00:39:41.370 --> 00:39:46.079 equations themselves. But again, the laboratory experiment will e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-4 00:39:46.079 --> 00:39:50.127 be able to show us what's the sensitivity and we'll 10 e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5619-5 00:39:50.127 --> 00:39:54.174 degrees, 50 degrees have any influence on that signal. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5634-0 00:39:54.854 --> 00:39:58.216 That's something that they still have to to to show, but that's a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5634-1 00:39:58.216 --> 00:39:59.234 good question, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5639-0 00:40:00.784 --> 00:40:02.334 Well, something exciting. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5646-0 00:40:12.494 --> 00:40:13.954 Do you have any other questions? e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5644-0 00:40:12.854 --> 00:40:13.134 Yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5653-0 00:40:17.214 --> 00:40:18.674 Steve, you're back. Works. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5665-0 00:40:18.404 --> 00:40:22.103 I'm back, so I have another question. So you're movable e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5665-1 00:40:22.103 --> 00:40:23.094 charge density. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-0 00:40:23.534 --> 00:40:26.564 I'll you're forcing function, of course. Is is the poor elastic e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-1 00:40:26.564 --> 00:40:29.451 deformation from passing passing seismic waves. But have you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-2 00:40:29.451 --> 00:40:32.433 thought about what would happen during a hydraulic stimulation e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-3 00:40:32.433 --> 00:40:35.226 displacing formation fluid with other kinds of fluids with e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-4 00:40:35.226 --> 00:40:38.256 different electrical properties that will affect the electrical e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-5 00:40:38.256 --> 00:40:40.907 double layer, different conductivities? You might get a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-6 00:40:40.907 --> 00:40:43.463 bigger signal there. And I'm just wondering if that's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5724-7 00:40:43.463 --> 00:40:44.504 something you've also. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5733-0 00:40:45.184 --> 00:40:48.674 Worked on. In addition to this seismic coupling. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-0 00:40:47.684 --> 00:40:51.725 You know, yeah, that that's great. No, but you're not the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-1 00:40:51.725 --> 00:40:56.114 first person to actually make that comment in term of once you e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-2 00:40:56.114 --> 00:41:00.294 are injecting and electrolytes is changing, would that also e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-3 00:41:00.294 --> 00:41:04.474 trigger some kind of electric signal? So not something that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-4 00:41:04.474 --> 00:41:08.167 I've been modeling, per SE, but that's definitely an e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5790-5 00:41:08.167 --> 00:41:10.814 interesting, interesting point. Yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5828-0 00:41:11.114 --> 00:41:13.797 Yeah, it'd be very complicated because it'd be triggering e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5828-1 00:41:13.797 --> 00:41:16.620 seismicity at the same time. So you're strain fields will be e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5828-2 00:41:16.620 --> 00:41:19.673 complicated, but you might get a very large signal. It might be a e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5828-3 00:41:19.673 --> 00:41:22.217 great way to track fluid flow in the subsurface during e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5828-4 00:41:22.217 --> 00:41:24.484 stimulation or injection induced seismicity, so. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-0 00:41:24.694 --> 00:41:27.904 Yeah. Yeah, the yeah, the download that, that's that. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5835-0 00:41:25.424 --> 00:41:26.264 Lots of promise. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-1 00:41:27.904 --> 00:41:31.826 That's definitely an interesting point at the moment. Yeah, we we e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-2 00:41:31.826 --> 00:41:35.333 we are looking at static kind of state, but it's true that e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-3 00:41:35.333 --> 00:41:38.780 especially with geothermal, we are eager to see also what e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-4 00:41:38.780 --> 00:41:42.108 transport, what kind of effect is gonna have and that's e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5882-0 00:41:40.704 --> 00:41:41.054 Yes. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-5 00:41:42.108 --> 00:41:45.615 actually something that the our colleague their laboratory e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-6 00:41:45.615 --> 00:41:49.181 experiment they are not only looking at temperature and the e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-7 00:41:49.181 --> 00:41:52.747 nature of the electrolyte but eventually that will be stage e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5927-8 00:41:52.747 --> 00:41:55.124 two there will be looking at transport. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5939-0 00:41:55.204 --> 00:41:58.294 And how does that influence the the signal? Yeah, yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5936-0 00:41:56.784 --> 00:41:57.054 Correct. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5944-0 00:41:58.274 --> 00:41:59.394 Great. OK. Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5946-0 00:41:59.614 --> 00:41:59.824 No. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5962-0 00:42:14.224 --> 00:42:17.344 Yeah. And I don't see any more questions. So think if. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5977-0 00:42:18.574 --> 00:42:21.412 You will not have any more questions. We can thank e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/5977-1 00:42:21.412 --> 00:42:22.524 Christina again and. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6003-0 00:42:24.344 --> 00:42:26.837 Stop the recording now and people can stick around just for e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6003-1 00:42:26.837 --> 00:42:29.413 a few more minutes. If you wanna have a little bit more of an e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6003-2 00:42:29.413 --> 00:42:29.994 informal chat. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6009-0 00:42:32.034 --> 00:42:32.814 So thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6022-0 00:42:32.254 --> 00:42:35.424 Yeah. Well, thank you again for the invitation. Thank you. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6021-0 00:42:35.094 --> 00:42:35.444 Yeah. e30a8f57-de1f-4d59-bc8b-e5660a5decb1/6027-0 00:42:39.034 --> 00:42:39.764 Thank you.