WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:04.250 --> 00:00:06.740 Good morning, everyone, and welcome to seminar. 00:00:06.740 --> 00:00:08.700 Next week, our speaker will be Sarah Minson, 00:00:08.700 --> 00:00:12.670 who will be talking about limits on earthquake early warning. 00:00:12.670 --> 00:00:15.730 This week, it’s my pleasure to introduce Emily Wolin. 00:00:15.730 --> 00:00:19.310 Emily got her bachelor’s degree at University of Colorado, 00:00:19.310 --> 00:00:22.590 followed by a master’s and doctorate at Northwestern University. 00:00:22.590 --> 00:00:24.869 While at Northwestern, she worked extensively 00:00:24.869 --> 00:00:28.060 with the EarthScope seismometer arrays. 00:00:28.060 --> 00:00:33.340 After she graduated, she joined the USGS just about one year ago now, 00:00:33.340 --> 00:00:40.800 specifically to work on the project to develop seismometer networks 00:00:40.800 --> 00:00:44.800 in Myanmar along with Sue Hough in the Pasadena office. 00:00:44.820 --> 00:00:49.340 She’s recently moved to the Golden office to work more closely 00:00:49.360 --> 00:00:54.300 with the NEIC people and transfer some of that knowledge to Myanmar. 00:00:54.340 --> 00:00:58.600 So today she’s going to give a report of how the last year has gone 00:00:58.600 --> 00:01:02.100 with that Myanmar project. Emily? 00:01:03.720 --> 00:01:05.300 - Okay. 00:01:06.420 --> 00:01:08.600 All right, well, thank you so much for inviting me out to 00:01:08.600 --> 00:01:12.570 give this seminar, Belle. And thank you, everyone, for coming. 00:01:12.570 --> 00:01:15.500 Like Belle mentioned, I’m going to talk a little bit about what I’ve been 00:01:15.500 --> 00:01:19.480 involved in for the last year, which is building seismic monitoring 00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:23.690 capacity in the country of Myanmar. 00:01:23.690 --> 00:01:26.800 So before we get started – oh, just a minute here. 00:01:28.020 --> 00:01:29.540 Okay, all right, so before we get started, 00:01:29.549 --> 00:01:33.490 I just want to mention – put in a plug for our paper here. 00:01:33.490 --> 00:01:36.159 This came out in Seismological Research Letters. 00:01:36.159 --> 00:01:40.590 I think it’s the most current issue. So if you want to read more 00:01:40.590 --> 00:01:44.549 about what I’m talking about today, you can go check this out. 00:01:44.549 --> 00:01:48.580 Our co-authors on the paper are many of our colleagues in Myanmar, 00:01:48.580 --> 00:01:53.820 including the director general of our partner agency, Hrin Nei Thiam. 00:01:53.820 --> 00:01:56.939 And then we have – Kinemetrics has been very involved in this project 00:01:56.939 --> 00:02:00.100 as well, as our contractor, and of course, Sue Hough, 00:02:00.100 --> 00:02:03.200 who has been leading this project for us. 00:02:05.660 --> 00:02:09.100 Let’s see if I can find the mouse here. There we go. All right. 00:02:09.720 --> 00:02:13.700 Okay, so if you need a quick geography review, Myanmar is 00:02:13.700 --> 00:02:20.140 this country here in Southeast Asia between India and China and Thailand. 00:02:20.140 --> 00:02:26.680 And the one question I get asked a lot is, what is the USGS doing in Myanmar? 00:02:26.680 --> 00:02:31.520 So very often, it seems we get involved in places like Nepal or Haiti 00:02:31.520 --> 00:02:34.700 after there has been a large and damaging earthquake. 00:02:34.700 --> 00:02:37.319 The situation in Myanmar is a little bit different. 00:02:37.319 --> 00:02:40.770 They have had a few damaging earthquakes in 2011 and 2012 – 00:02:40.770 --> 00:02:43.830 nothing on the scale of Nepal or Haiti. 00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:48.950 But the USGS has gotten – started getting involved there about 2012, 00:02:48.950 --> 00:02:50.700 but not because of those earthquakes, actually. 00:02:50.700 --> 00:02:54.690 It’s been kind of a different set of motivations. 00:02:54.690 --> 00:02:59.400 So Myanmar, for a long time, since the 1960s, and especially 00:02:59.400 --> 00:03:06.200 after 1988, was stuck – was ruled by very – by a military dictatorship. 00:03:07.020 --> 00:03:13.160 In about 2007, there was this position piece published by a man 00:03:13.170 --> 00:03:17.909 who ended up being nominated as the first ambassador to Myanmar in 00:03:17.909 --> 00:03:22.290 several decades, arguing that we should engage with this government 00:03:22.290 --> 00:03:29.780 instead of applying sanctions and basically severing diplomatic ties. 00:03:29.780 --> 00:03:32.580 The government at that time – the military government had 00:03:32.580 --> 00:03:38.220 started showing signs of wanting to transition to a democracy peacefully. 00:03:38.220 --> 00:03:43.760 And Mitchell basically started putting out feelers saying that we 00:03:43.760 --> 00:03:46.720 need to re-engage because our current policy had not been 00:03:46.720 --> 00:03:51.110 working very well trying to get that dictatorship to step down. 00:03:51.110 --> 00:03:57.879 So in 2011 and 2012, the U.S. re-opened diplomatic relations with Myanmar. 00:03:57.879 --> 00:04:02.750 President Obama visited the country in 2012, which was a very big deal 00:04:02.750 --> 00:04:05.739 for the people of Myanmar. People still talk about it. 00:04:05.739 --> 00:04:09.390 The woman on the left there is Aung San Suu Kyi. 00:04:09.390 --> 00:04:13.080 She has been – she was the leader of the peaceful resistance 00:04:13.080 --> 00:04:17.489 to the military government. She was under house arrest for 21 years 00:04:17.489 --> 00:04:20.959 and was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts in the resistance. 00:04:21.520 --> 00:04:26.680 She’s a big deal in Myanmar. She is “The Lady” – she is referred to. 00:04:26.680 --> 00:04:30.240 So she’s an icon of Myanmar. 00:04:30.240 --> 00:04:37.620 So in 2012, as part of that re-opening of diplomatic relations with the country, 00:04:37.620 --> 00:04:42.270 a USAID mission was established. And in particular, the Office of 00:04:42.270 --> 00:04:46.780 Foreign Disaster Assistance, which is kind of part of USAID, identified 00:04:46.780 --> 00:04:51.800 earthquake monitoring as a priority for the disaster risk reduction program. 00:04:53.710 --> 00:04:57.500 So in 2012, the first USGS team went over there. 00:04:57.500 --> 00:05:00.740 So this was Sue Hough and Mark Petersen and a couple 00:05:00.740 --> 00:05:02.970 people from USAID went over there. 00:05:02.970 --> 00:05:06.800 Held a preparedness planning workshop in Yangon. 00:05:07.940 --> 00:05:11.980 A year later, Sue went back, along with Dave Boore, and conducted – 00:05:11.980 --> 00:05:16.200 and led a pair of training workshops for local staff there. 00:05:17.660 --> 00:05:21.040 And after that initial workshop, in the needs assessment, 00:05:21.050 --> 00:05:24.020 it became very clear that one thing that was very much needed was 00:05:24.020 --> 00:05:26.720 an upgrade of the country’s seismic monitoring network, 00:05:26.720 --> 00:05:29.090 which I’ll talk about a little bit later. 00:05:29.090 --> 00:05:34.120 So for three years, most of the project was Sue trying to get 00:05:34.120 --> 00:05:38.139 mountains of paperwork moved to sign a memorandum of understanding, 00:05:38.139 --> 00:05:43.710 or MOU, get instruments imported, set up contracting with Kinemetrics. 00:05:43.710 --> 00:05:47.530 There were a few bright spots in this mountain of paperwork. 00:05:47.530 --> 00:05:49.820 In 2014, there was a site-scouting trip. 00:05:49.820 --> 00:05:56.790 So that’s Jason De Cristofaro down there helping select sites for stations. 00:05:58.000 --> 00:06:04.220 In 2015, in November, Myanmar held its first free and fair election in 25 years. 00:06:04.220 --> 00:06:08.670 So the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, the woman I showed earlier, 00:06:08.670 --> 00:06:12.569 her party won a landslide victory and now controls a majority 00:06:12.569 --> 00:06:17.520 in the Parliament, and Myanmar is kind of on its way as a fledgling 00:06:17.520 --> 00:06:22.000 democracy, which is a very fascinating transition to watch. 00:06:22.590 --> 00:06:27.340 And finally, in 2016, in January, the stations were installed – 00:06:27.340 --> 00:06:30.620 five stations throughout the country, which I’ll talk about in a bit. 00:06:30.620 --> 00:06:35.420 I joined the project just about a year ago in May of 2016. 00:06:35.430 --> 00:06:38.800 And that’s when we started doing regular site visits to Myanmar. 00:06:38.800 --> 00:06:42.580 So my position is a term position supported by USAID. 00:06:42.580 --> 00:06:45.980 I get to go over to Myanmar for about three to four weeks at a time, 00:06:45.990 --> 00:06:48.990 three to four weeks – or, three to four times throughout the year. 00:06:48.990 --> 00:06:54.520 So I’ve spent about three months total in Myanmar at this point. Fascinating place. 00:06:55.880 --> 00:06:59.380 All right, so the answer to why USGS is involved in Myanmar 00:06:59.380 --> 00:07:01.980 is it’s all about disaster risk reduction. 00:07:01.980 --> 00:07:06.000 So because of the regional tectonics, there’s very high earthquake hazard. 00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:09.349 And that high hazard, coupled with the fact that it’s very much a 00:07:09.349 --> 00:07:14.100 developing country, means there’s very high risk to the people of Myanmar. 00:07:14.840 --> 00:07:19.700 So Myanmar is about the size of Oregon and California combined. 00:07:20.520 --> 00:07:22.520 And it turns out that this is actually a pretty good 00:07:22.520 --> 00:07:25.110 analog for the tectonics there. 00:07:25.110 --> 00:07:32.490 We have a large strike-slip fault running up – okay, right. large strike-slip fault 00:07:32.490 --> 00:07:35.780 running more than 1,000 kilometers through the center of the country. 00:07:35.780 --> 00:07:39.530 This is the Sagaing Fault. We have a large subduction zone – 00:07:39.530 --> 00:07:46.910 whoops – off to the west, continue the – continuing north from Sumatra here. 00:07:46.910 --> 00:07:52.080 We have about 35 millimeters a year of motion between the India Plate 00:07:52.080 --> 00:07:54.930 and the Sunda Plate here. About half of that is accommodated 00:07:54.930 --> 00:07:58.440 along the Sagaing Fault. The other half of that is along the trench. 00:07:58.440 --> 00:08:00.860 So very roughly speaking, this is kind of a comparable level 00:08:00.860 --> 00:08:03.680 of hazard to California. 00:08:03.680 --> 00:08:08.910 You can see this reflected in the focal mechanisms, mostly shallow strike-slip 00:08:08.910 --> 00:08:15.069 events combined with some deeper events within the slab here. 00:08:15.069 --> 00:08:18.060 Some spreading down in the Andaman Sea. 00:08:19.200 --> 00:08:24.910 All right, so this is – this is kind of a classic paper by Tapponier and others. 00:08:24.910 --> 00:08:31.820 So we have a rigid indenter, which is India, kind of slamming into Eurasia. 00:08:31.820 --> 00:08:36.610 So this – the western side is confined. The eastern side is free to move. 00:08:36.610 --> 00:08:42.940 So as India continues to collide, we get rotation of these blocks. 00:08:42.940 --> 00:08:46.380 You can see a lot of strike-slip faults developing here. 00:08:46.380 --> 00:08:48.519 So this basically is the Indochina Peninsula – 00:08:48.519 --> 00:08:52.310 Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, things like that. 00:08:52.310 --> 00:08:57.010 So if we look at this, this actually is a remarkably good analog for Myanmar. 00:08:57.010 --> 00:09:00.860 So Myanmar sits right kind of in this region here. 00:09:00.860 --> 00:09:05.560 So if we look at the GPS velocities – this is in a Eurasian reference frame – 00:09:05.560 --> 00:09:09.180 you can see right up in the northern end of Myanmar – 00:09:09.180 --> 00:09:11.560 this is the eastern end of the Himalayas. 00:09:11.560 --> 00:09:15.940 You can see that beautiful rotation as the eastern side 00:09:15.950 --> 00:09:19.980 is kind of extruding out into China. 00:09:19.980 --> 00:09:22.820 And once again, reflected in the focal mechanisms. 00:09:22.820 --> 00:09:29.050 So strike-slip fault here, and then another set of faults that accommodate 00:09:29.050 --> 00:09:37.500 that kind of curling rotation motion into – as we go around that corner. 00:09:37.540 --> 00:09:40.620 All right. There have been large and damaging earthquakes 00:09:40.630 --> 00:09:43.480 in Myanmar throughout its history. 00:09:43.480 --> 00:09:47.880 This is the last 100 years or so of earthquakes above magnitude 7. 00:09:47.880 --> 00:09:50.330 So this translates into very high hazard. 00:09:50.330 --> 00:09:54.950 The largest earthquake in recorded history there – instrumentally 00:09:54.950 --> 00:09:57.900 recorded history, I should say, is a magnitude approximately 8 00:09:57.900 --> 00:10:00.420 earthquake on the Kyaukkyan Fault here. 00:10:00.430 --> 00:10:06.810 That’s another fault that’s very close to the Sagaing Fault but sort of a splay. 00:10:06.810 --> 00:10:09.510 In 1930, there was a magnitude 7.3 earthquake 00:10:09.510 --> 00:10:12.190 near Yangon, which is the largest city. 00:10:12.190 --> 00:10:15.390 So large damaging earthquakes throughout the country. 00:10:15.390 --> 00:10:22.860 This results in quite high hazard basically everywhere in the country. [chuckles] 00:10:22.860 --> 00:10:27.000 And unfortunately, on the right is a population density map there. 00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:31.360 Most people live directly on top of these faults or next to the coast. 00:10:31.360 --> 00:10:36.500 So we have about 15 million people, out of the 55 million people of Myanmar, 00:10:36.500 --> 00:10:41.540 in cities right on top of that large strike-slip fault, the Sagaing Fault here. 00:10:41.540 --> 00:10:45.790 And then, of course, many – a very large coastal population 00:10:45.790 --> 00:10:47.920 as well at risk from tsunamis. 00:10:47.920 --> 00:10:52.850 So clearly, earthquake monitoring is a high priority here. 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:55.940 There’s a little bit of good news in the fact that 00:10:55.940 --> 00:11:00.089 about 70% of the population is still rural. 00:11:00.089 --> 00:11:04.440 So the traditional construction is wood and bamboo. 00:11:04.440 --> 00:11:07.800 These houses – raised up on stilts because 00:11:07.800 --> 00:11:10.540 most parts of Myanmar are quite prone to flooding. 00:11:10.540 --> 00:11:13.120 It turns out that this is also fairly earthquake-resistant. 00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:17.690 So this is actually a bit of good news. If more modern building practices 00:11:17.690 --> 00:11:22.459 with concrete and masonry start to be adopted, that’s going to be a problem. 00:11:22.459 --> 00:11:28.290 So for now, most of the population is actually – turns out all right 00:11:28.290 --> 00:11:33.540 after an earthquake, but it’s good to get building codes in place now 00:11:33.540 --> 00:11:37.740 so that we continue to maintain this level of resilience. 00:11:38.680 --> 00:11:43.880 Unfortunately, the other 30% of the population that lives in urban regions, 00:11:43.890 --> 00:11:45.970 a lot of them live in condos. 00:11:45.970 --> 00:11:50.790 So this is a shot of Yangon from one of the high-rise office towers. 00:11:50.790 --> 00:11:53.610 So most of these are actually residential buildings. 00:11:53.610 --> 00:11:56.399 People live in apartments. Yangon is a very dense city, and 00:11:56.399 --> 00:12:01.950 housing is very expensive, so most of it is small apartments in high-rises. 00:12:01.950 --> 00:12:06.100 This is sitting on a massive pile of unconsolidated river sediments 00:12:06.100 --> 00:12:08.899 that tends to amplify any shaking you hit it with. 00:12:08.899 --> 00:12:15.110 This is the Irrawaddy River here. It’s a major shipping port. 00:12:15.110 --> 00:12:17.860 Very wide, very slow-moving, bringing in tons of sediment 00:12:17.860 --> 00:12:20.920 as it makes its way down from the Himalayas. 00:12:20.920 --> 00:12:25.820 The infrastructure is quite often old and under-maintained. 00:12:25.820 --> 00:12:29.000 It’s a brutal climate for buildings – monsoon climate. 00:12:29.010 --> 00:12:32.800 This is the old Yangon railway station that’s taken 00:12:32.800 --> 00:12:37.240 quite a beating since it was built in British Colonial times. 00:12:37.240 --> 00:12:40.410 The last major earthquake near Yangon, which is, like I said, 00:12:40.410 --> 00:12:43.700 the largest city in Myanmar, was in 1930. 00:12:43.740 --> 00:12:48.019 This was a magnitude 7.3 about 100 kilometers away. 00:12:48.019 --> 00:12:51.990 At the time, the population was about 500,000 people, and about – 00:12:51.990 --> 00:12:57.420 a little over 500 people died in Yangon and the city just to the north. 00:12:57.420 --> 00:12:59.970 Now the population is more like 5 million. 00:12:59.970 --> 00:13:02.639 And of course, back in 1930, we didn’t have most of these 00:13:02.639 --> 00:13:08.130 high-rise condo buildings. So the risk there is quite high. 00:13:09.800 --> 00:13:13.620 All right, so the goals of the project are to develop robust earthquake 00:13:13.630 --> 00:13:17.330 monitoring and a vibrant research program in Myanmar. 00:13:17.330 --> 00:13:20.560 And this consists of two parts. So one of them is upgrading 00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:24.190 the national seismic network so that we are able to locate 00:13:24.190 --> 00:13:28.420 earthquakes and put out alerts quickly. 00:13:28.420 --> 00:13:30.720 The second is capacity development. 00:13:30.720 --> 00:13:32.940 So you notice I have separated these into two things. 00:13:32.940 --> 00:13:36.450 So it’s not enough just to be able to locate the earthquakes. 00:13:36.450 --> 00:13:40.410 It’s also about training staff there to conduct the monitoring but also to 00:13:40.410 --> 00:13:43.860 do research so that they can become better advocates for this 00:13:43.860 --> 00:13:49.030 disaster risk reduction – better building codes, being able to talk to 00:13:49.030 --> 00:13:52.949 their officials about hazard, right, because it’s one thing if we 00:13:52.949 --> 00:13:55.000 go in there and make recommendations. 00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:59.199 It’s much better if it comes from the local monitoring agency. 00:13:59.199 --> 00:14:03.459 So our partner in this project is the Myanmar Department 00:14:03.459 --> 00:14:05.730 of Meteorology and Hydrology. 00:14:05.730 --> 00:14:09.720 They also have a seismology division, but they didn’t make it into the name. 00:14:09.720 --> 00:14:13.589 Their headquarters are located in Nay Pyi Taw, which is the new capital. 00:14:13.589 --> 00:14:19.200 It was moved there in the mid-2000s. Former capital was Yangon, or Rangoon, 00:14:19.240 --> 00:14:23.880 as you may have heard it called. But it’s a relatively recent move to 00:14:23.889 --> 00:14:28.949 this new constructed capital pretty much right in the middle of the country. 00:14:28.949 --> 00:14:32.380 So they have a multi-hazard early warning center there. 00:14:32.380 --> 00:14:35.170 This is the seismo building. 00:14:35.170 --> 00:14:41.540 And this is some of the staff, including their director, Yin Myo Min Htwe. 00:14:41.540 --> 00:14:45.550 So the DMH is responsible for publishing bulletins for 00:14:45.550 --> 00:14:49.779 earthquakes inside and close to Myanmar. 00:14:49.779 --> 00:14:51.790 So these are released on their website, 00:14:51.790 --> 00:14:58.540 usually about 10 to 20 minutes after an event in both Burmese and English. 00:14:59.760 --> 00:15:01.820 You notice that they actually still use miles 00:15:01.829 --> 00:15:05.500 in their bulletins, so that’s kind of interesting. 00:15:07.360 --> 00:15:13.460 So before January 16, the DMH did have a network in place. 00:15:13.460 --> 00:15:18.730 They had 11 strong motion stations and four broadband stations. 00:15:18.730 --> 00:15:25.300 But due to infrastructure challenges, the telemetry was very unreliable. 00:15:25.300 --> 00:15:29.200 Most of it was through landlines because there were basically no mobile networks 00:15:29.200 --> 00:15:33.660 in the country. And it was basically impossible to get real-time data. 00:15:33.660 --> 00:15:36.480 So in order to get data from these stations after an earthquake, 00:15:36.480 --> 00:15:41.250 it was necessary to go travel, pull the cards, analyze the data. 00:15:41.250 --> 00:15:45.269 So no real-time monitoring from these stations. 00:15:45.269 --> 00:15:49.630 Any real-time monitoring that the DMH conducted relied mostly on stations 00:15:49.630 --> 00:15:54.990 operated by other agencies, including those in Thailand and India. 00:15:54.990 --> 00:15:56.920 They actually get data from two Indian stations 00:15:56.920 --> 00:16:00.000 down here in Port Blair and Shillong. 00:16:01.220 --> 00:16:06.050 They also had four analog seismographs that were operating. 00:16:06.050 --> 00:16:09.190 I’ll talk about those in a minute. 00:16:09.190 --> 00:16:14.070 But this is basically why telemetry did not exist until very recently. 00:16:14.070 --> 00:16:19.480 Myanmar had no mobile networks before 2012, essentially. 00:16:19.480 --> 00:16:23.779 Until very recently, maybe 2014, it was very expensive. 00:16:23.780 --> 00:16:26.120 It was more than $1,000 just to get a SIM card 00:16:26.120 --> 00:16:28.800 that you can pop into your phone. 00:16:28.820 --> 00:16:31.880 That’s changed very quickly. There are now three, with about 00:16:31.889 --> 00:16:35.130 to be four, companies there. You can buy a SIM card for 00:16:35.130 --> 00:16:40.910 about $1.50, and $10 will get you all the data you can use in a month. 00:16:40.910 --> 00:16:44.160 So this is still limited. It’s expanding very rapidly. 00:16:44.160 --> 00:16:47.050 You can see they have a ways to go before they reach the coverage 00:16:47.050 --> 00:16:50.500 of their immediate neighbors like Bangladesh and Thailand. 00:16:51.680 --> 00:16:55.240 Just as a comparison, here is the telemetry situation in the U.S. 00:16:55.240 --> 00:17:02.910 So we’re – at its best, we’re maybe at the level of kind of remote Nevada here. 00:17:04.420 --> 00:17:08.880 As I mentioned, due to difficulties with maintaining and telemetering data 00:17:08.890 --> 00:17:12.209 from these digital stations, a lot of real-time monitoring actually 00:17:12.209 --> 00:17:17.360 relied on these analog seismographs. So these were staffed 24/7. 00:17:17.360 --> 00:17:19.360 When an earthquake came in, they would have someone call in 00:17:19.360 --> 00:17:24.510 an S minus P time to the central office and do the – your traditional locating 00:17:24.510 --> 00:17:29.960 earthquake by drawing circles on a board, in addition to the 00:17:29.960 --> 00:17:35.300 data from the real-time Thailand and Indian stations. 00:17:35.300 --> 00:17:38.710 Several of these are still functioning and staffed around the clock. 00:17:38.710 --> 00:17:44.800 This is the station operator in Mandalay when I got to go there last July. 00:17:45.480 --> 00:17:47.260 So it’s pretty cool. They’re still able to find 00:17:47.260 --> 00:17:51.640 replacement parts and still have the capacity to fix these stations. 00:17:51.640 --> 00:17:55.570 So hopefully they’ll keep going for a while. 00:17:56.060 --> 00:18:02.140 All right, in January of 2016, we decided to go in and install five new stations. 00:18:02.140 --> 00:18:07.330 These are a combination of broadband and strong motion stations. 00:18:07.330 --> 00:18:12.850 Due to concerns about security and the availability of power and telemetry, 00:18:12.850 --> 00:18:16.360 most of these stations are installed at DMH satellite offices. 00:18:16.360 --> 00:18:20.280 So you can see here, again, this cell coverage map. 00:18:20.280 --> 00:18:23.310 All of our station locations were chosen so that we were able to 00:18:23.310 --> 00:18:27.840 use the new mobile networks for telemetry. 00:18:29.480 --> 00:18:33.380 As a comparison, right, so Myanmar is about the size of California and Oregon, 00:18:33.390 --> 00:18:38.650 we have 503 stations, as of 2016, with real-time data that you can 00:18:38.650 --> 00:18:41.160 go grab from IRIS. 00:18:41.160 --> 00:18:44.020 We have eight real-time stations in Myanmar now. 00:18:44.020 --> 00:18:48.140 So we have the five USGS stations, and then two installed by the 00:18:48.140 --> 00:18:51.620 China Earthquake Administration, and one that has recently been 00:18:51.620 --> 00:18:54.059 brought online by the GFZ. 00:18:54.060 --> 00:18:58.800 So still a ways to go, but it’s a good start. 00:18:59.880 --> 00:19:05.059 So these are the stations that are used in the real-time monitoring, as I was saying. 00:19:05.059 --> 00:19:10.900 This – if I can find my mouse here – this is where the DMH headquarters are. 00:19:10.900 --> 00:19:13.900 So they have a broadband station 00:19:13.900 --> 00:19:15.980 located in a shed right outside of their office. 00:19:15.980 --> 00:19:22.010 We’re going to go and install a strong motion there during our next trip in June. 00:19:22.010 --> 00:19:25.250 The existing DMH stations are still there. 00:19:25.250 --> 00:19:30.690 In some cases, there is equipment that is almost working – needs a bit of 00:19:30.690 --> 00:19:34.940 maintenance or possibly swap out a digitizer, swap out a sensor. 00:19:34.940 --> 00:19:39.030 So we have the potential for expanding the network a lot more, 00:19:39.030 --> 00:19:41.660 and we’re working on trying to characterize what’s there and 00:19:41.660 --> 00:19:44.200 figure out what we can do – kind of get the most bang 00:19:44.200 --> 00:19:47.500 for our buck with these network upgrades. 00:19:48.700 --> 00:19:50.600 Okay. 00:19:50.600 --> 00:19:52.820 One thing that’s become very apparent in working there 00:19:52.820 --> 00:19:58.000 is that it’s a fascinating area in terms of geology and tectonics. 00:19:58.000 --> 00:20:02.380 There’s obviously very high risk to the population, so there’s a lot of 00:20:02.380 --> 00:20:07.210 interest in development and/or science from many other people. 00:20:07.210 --> 00:20:12.650 GFZ and the University of Bergen in Norway have been very involved. 00:20:12.650 --> 00:20:16.530 GeoHazards International is starting some risk reduction. 00:20:16.530 --> 00:20:18.679 And Earth Observatory of Singapore has been there. 00:20:18.679 --> 00:20:21.500 They have a huge broadband deployment planned that’s 00:20:21.500 --> 00:20:26.350 going in right now. So with all these people interested 00:20:26.350 --> 00:20:29.789 in working in Myanmar, one of the things that’s become very obvious 00:20:29.789 --> 00:20:33.120 is that we need to start coordinating more tightly with these people 00:20:33.120 --> 00:20:38.000 so that we get sustainable, useful development for the DMH. 00:20:40.070 --> 00:20:44.020 So for example, RIMES – this is a multi-hazard warning 00:20:44.020 --> 00:20:47.309 project for Asia and Africa. 00:20:47.309 --> 00:20:52.320 They have one station installed in Sittwe here, which is out on the coast. 00:20:52.320 --> 00:20:55.590 They’re going – I have heard that they intend to install three new stations in 00:20:55.590 --> 00:21:00.080 2017 and fix the station, which has been down since it was struck by lightning. 00:21:01.820 --> 00:21:06.240 As I mentioned, EOS is also going to be installing 30 broadband stations – 00:21:06.240 --> 00:21:10.000 I believe these are STS-2s – for about a two- to three-year 00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:11.700 temporary deployment. 00:21:11.710 --> 00:21:15.370 We’re talking with them about trying to get some of that data streamed to the 00:21:15.370 --> 00:21:20.750 DMH for real-time monitoring because this will obviously improve our network 00:21:20.750 --> 00:21:23.260 coverage greatly, especially down in the south here, 00:21:23.260 --> 00:21:25.770 where we don’t have a lot of stations. 00:21:25.770 --> 00:21:29.560 GFZ also intends to install about 30 broadbands, so we’re hoping that 00:21:29.560 --> 00:21:34.770 we can – that they can partner with DMH as well to help them 00:21:34.770 --> 00:21:37.560 improve their real-time monitoring. 00:21:38.920 --> 00:21:41.720 There’s been some interesting instrumentation 00:21:41.730 --> 00:21:43.980 there I’ve never seen before. 00:21:43.980 --> 00:21:46.870 Most of the old stations that the DMH had installed 00:21:46.870 --> 00:21:51.380 themselves used these Kelunji Echo digitizers. 00:21:51.380 --> 00:21:55.080 These have been a challenge in incorporating into real-time monitoring. 00:21:55.090 --> 00:22:00.049 So if you have any insight on – if you’ve ever heard of these 00:22:00.049 --> 00:22:02.309 things before, please come talk to me because we’re trying to get these 00:22:02.309 --> 00:22:07.260 integrated into the Antelope or SeisComP systems. 00:22:07.260 --> 00:22:11.360 These are the broadbands that they had out there – these CMG 00:22:11.360 --> 00:22:15.500 intermediate-period broadband instruments from Guralp. 00:22:16.370 --> 00:22:19.990 As technology has evolved, these little Raspberry Pi computers 00:22:19.990 --> 00:22:23.490 are starting to be – to kind of show up as an attractive option 00:22:23.490 --> 00:22:25.360 for low-cost monitoring. 00:22:25.360 --> 00:22:30.820 So the GFZ installed a new digitizer, replacing that Kelunji and also this 00:22:30.820 --> 00:22:32.799 Raspberry Pi, which runs Seedlink. 00:22:32.799 --> 00:22:38.210 So now you can actually go with your favorite FDSN web services or go to the 00:22:38.210 --> 00:22:42.300 GEOFON website and pull data from this station here in Nay Pyi Taw. 00:22:43.960 --> 00:22:46.690 There were a couple of really nice pre-existing vaults that we were 00:22:46.690 --> 00:22:50.430 able to use for our network upgrade. This building in Mandalay – 00:22:50.430 --> 00:22:55.650 this beautiful concrete house, essentially, with three very large piers 00:22:55.650 --> 00:23:01.770 in it, that was constructed in the 1960s. So here you can see the old 00:23:01.770 --> 00:23:04.960 strong motion instrument they had. We have our broadband 00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:08.090 and strong motion stations sitting over here on this pier. 00:23:08.090 --> 00:23:12.549 So really nice building for this one. A similar structure exists in Yangon, 00:23:12.549 --> 00:23:16.160 I believe. I have not visited that station yet. 00:23:16.160 --> 00:23:19.710 We did have to construct a couple of new buildings for the stations. 00:23:19.710 --> 00:23:22.930 So RIMES was an important partner in this. 00:23:22.930 --> 00:23:26.420 They constructed this kind of half-buried shed design. 00:23:26.420 --> 00:23:31.809 So here we have one of the network staff – [Tun Lin Ja] – with our, again, 00:23:31.809 --> 00:23:34.590 strong motion and broadband. 00:23:34.590 --> 00:23:40.309 This thing is buried about halfway below grade – a pier extending at least a meter 00:23:40.309 --> 00:23:47.000 deep with piles driven into it, down into the ground, for a good, stable coupling. 00:23:47.900 --> 00:23:54.340 So pretty sturdy vault they built here below grade for insulation. 00:23:56.320 --> 00:24:00.340 All right, so as I mentioned, our stations are co-located 00:24:00.350 --> 00:24:03.140 broadband and strong motion instruments. 00:24:03.140 --> 00:24:08.760 We have an STS-2.5 for the broadband and an Episensor for strong motion. 00:24:08.760 --> 00:24:16.309 These go into the Q330 digitizer with the TA-style vault interface enclosure. 00:24:16.309 --> 00:24:22.010 And the data are transmitted over VPN over the mobile network, 00:24:22.010 --> 00:24:26.309 which is nice because we – I think there had been some talk of using landlines, 00:24:26.309 --> 00:24:28.669 but the mobile network actually tends to be much more 00:24:28.669 --> 00:24:30.670 reliable than landlines there. 00:24:30.670 --> 00:24:36.760 They go – this data goes directly into the DMH and then is forwarded on to IRIS. 00:24:36.760 --> 00:24:41.180 So it’s basically near real-time from IRIS, publicly available. 00:24:41.180 --> 00:24:43.340 This was a condition of the network upgrade. 00:24:43.340 --> 00:24:45.830 So if you were interested in looking at data from Myanmar, 00:24:45.830 --> 00:24:50.620 please go check these things out. The network code is MM. 00:24:52.580 --> 00:24:56.540 All right, so there are five stations that you can grab. 00:24:56.540 --> 00:25:01.300 The earliest data that’s available from IRIS is May of last year. 00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:07.909 One cool thing about this vault interface enclosure that Kinemetrics decided to 00:25:07.909 --> 00:25:14.950 package with the stations is that it includes this Setra 278 microbarometer. 00:25:14.950 --> 00:25:17.670 So our seismologists are in the Department of Meteorology 00:25:17.670 --> 00:25:21.390 and Hydrology. The meteorology staff have 00:25:21.390 --> 00:25:25.080 a similar method of data collection with staff at remote locations 00:25:25.080 --> 00:25:30.170 calling or radioing in pressure readings every few hours. 00:25:30.170 --> 00:25:35.220 So we started talking to the meteorology staff about incorporating this real-time, 00:25:35.220 --> 00:25:39.650 one-sample-per-second barometric pressure data into their workflow. 00:25:39.650 --> 00:25:44.529 So that’s a conversation that we’ve just started, but I’m excited about. 00:25:44.529 --> 00:25:48.970 NOAA is actually starting a project to collaborate with the meteorology staff. 00:25:48.970 --> 00:25:51.870 So I think there’s some good opportunities for 00:25:51.870 --> 00:25:55.300 collaboration within their department as well. 00:25:57.860 --> 00:26:01.510 In general, the new stations seem to be performing quite well. 00:26:01.510 --> 00:26:07.120 There are a few – or there’s one in particular that’s very noisy. 00:26:07.120 --> 00:26:12.360 So Yangon is probably – is, by far, our noisiest station. 00:26:12.360 --> 00:26:15.600 This is down here in the delta – that photo I was showing you 00:26:15.600 --> 00:26:19.730 of the high-rise buildings before. So we’re right at the mouth of a 00:26:19.730 --> 00:26:25.799 very large river, giant pile of sediments, large ships going by all the time. 00:26:25.799 --> 00:26:32.360 Again, due to security concerns, this was sited at a DMH office, but it is also right 00:26:32.360 --> 00:26:37.840 next to a highway that runs to the airport and next to a 15-story radar tower. 00:26:37.840 --> 00:26:44.309 So it’s a priority for us to have monitoring of the strong motion 00:26:44.309 --> 00:26:48.370 instrument in Yangon so that, if a large earthquake were to happen, 00:26:48.370 --> 00:26:52.010 we would have an immediate estimate of the shaking that occurred there. 00:26:52.010 --> 00:26:54.770 But we have been talking about finding a new home for our 00:26:54.770 --> 00:26:58.670 broadband instrument because this is – this level of noise makes it very, very 00:26:58.670 --> 00:27:06.280 difficult to detect earthquakes that are not large and directly under the station. 00:27:06.280 --> 00:27:09.730 In contrast, our best-performing station is probably Mandalay here. 00:27:09.730 --> 00:27:12.000 So this is in the center of the country. 00:27:12.940 --> 00:27:16.700 I’ll show you a – kind of a topography profile in a couple of slides. 00:27:16.710 --> 00:27:19.260 But this is also in the middle of a flood plain. 00:27:19.260 --> 00:27:22.780 But fortunately, there’s a small hill – Mandalay Hill – that sticks out of that 00:27:22.780 --> 00:27:26.760 flood plain. Nice, solid bedrock that we were able to put that station on. 00:27:26.760 --> 00:27:32.700 So this is a very quiet, stable station that is performing quite well. 00:27:32.700 --> 00:27:34.919 And then this one in the center here, 00:27:34.919 --> 00:27:39.080 this is probably characteristic of our other – our other three stations. 00:27:39.080 --> 00:27:42.200 So Tamu, Haka, and Keng Tung out here. 00:27:42.200 --> 00:27:45.820 We see some diurnal variations in cultural noise. 00:27:45.820 --> 00:27:48.490 Because these are close to cities. 00:27:48.490 --> 00:27:52.200 So we see elevated noise levels during the day, quieter at night. 00:27:53.060 --> 00:27:55.840 Those nice piers that were constructed do a pretty good job 00:27:55.840 --> 00:27:59.140 of keeping the horizontal noise low. 00:27:59.760 --> 00:28:04.580 But there is – there’s some interesting variations in here that I think we might 00:28:04.580 --> 00:28:09.710 be able to actually do some science with, which is interesting. 00:28:09.710 --> 00:28:13.350 Just to give you an idea, this is the closest GNN station 00:28:13.350 --> 00:28:16.460 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in the north here. 00:28:18.560 --> 00:28:21.680 I showed these at the Albuquerque seismo lab last week, 00:28:21.690 --> 00:28:24.200 and they assured me that they were going – they had a service visit 00:28:24.200 --> 00:28:28.039 scheduled to go fix some of the strange things that are going on 00:28:28.039 --> 00:28:31.620 for the long-period noise here. 00:28:31.620 --> 00:28:34.760 So we’re not doing quite as good as GSN stations. 00:28:34.760 --> 00:28:38.920 But certainly, compared to what we had before, this is a major improvement. 00:28:38.920 --> 00:28:45.500 And the DMH is now able to monitor earthquakes within Myanmar. 00:28:46.720 --> 00:28:50.450 One of the interesting things about having the barometer at our – co-located 00:28:50.450 --> 00:28:55.590 at our stations is that we see a very strong, twice-daily pressure variation. 00:28:55.590 --> 00:28:59.020 So at most sites in North America, we’re used to see kind of a once-daily. 00:28:59.020 --> 00:29:02.500 We’d have high-to-low, high-to-low. 00:29:02.500 --> 00:29:07.210 But it turns out that either moving up in altitude or moving closer to 00:29:07.210 --> 00:29:11.190 the equator, you tend to see twice-daily pressure variations. 00:29:11.190 --> 00:29:13.039 So I think this is partially responsible for 00:29:13.040 --> 00:29:16.620 some of that variation in long-period noise at our stations. 00:29:17.380 --> 00:29:22.200 During the next trip, we’re going to start doing some work to characterize that. 00:29:23.630 --> 00:29:30.390 I feel like we have an interesting opportunity here. 00:29:30.390 --> 00:29:35.410 Like I said, in North America, we tend to see a once-daily pressure variation. 00:29:35.410 --> 00:29:39.260 And this is reflected very well in the noise on horizontal – 00:29:39.260 --> 00:29:43.200 at least in shallow horizontal components. 00:29:44.620 --> 00:29:47.850 Which is something that we saw at shallow stations 00:29:47.850 --> 00:29:53.080 in Wisconsin and Minnesota during my Ph.D. 00:29:53.080 --> 00:29:59.049 Similar work done in Portugal, again, at higher altitudes, 00:29:59.049 --> 00:30:02.279 has been – has observed this kind of twice-daily noise variation. 00:30:02.279 --> 00:30:05.610 So I think there might be something interesting to see there. 00:30:05.610 --> 00:30:10.800 Again, maybe a good opportunity for collaboration with the meterologists. 00:30:13.059 --> 00:30:17.120 With these upgraded stations, the DMH is now able to automatically 00:30:17.120 --> 00:30:23.140 detect earthquakes down to magnitude 3.9 within Myanmar. 00:30:23.140 --> 00:30:25.750 So we’re doing a little bit of work to assess the catalog completeness. 00:30:25.750 --> 00:30:29.549 There’s a lot of quality control that still needs to be done. 00:30:29.549 --> 00:30:33.020 But huge improvement from before. Basically, if there’s a felt earthquake 00:30:33.020 --> 00:30:35.980 anywhere in Myanmar, the DMH is now able to 00:30:35.980 --> 00:30:40.000 characterize it, locate it, and put out bulletins. 00:30:40.000 --> 00:30:42.490 This is nice because before, a lot of times, they would get 00:30:42.490 --> 00:30:45.110 people calling to say, oh, there was an earthquake. 00:30:45.110 --> 00:30:49.950 And those analog seismographs were not distributed enough to – 00:30:49.950 --> 00:30:51.890 for the authorities to be able to say, oh, there was 00:30:51.890 --> 00:30:54.230 an earthquake under you. Don’t worry. 00:30:54.230 --> 00:30:57.800 So this has greatly improved monitoring in Myanmar. 00:30:59.059 --> 00:31:02.419 We also got quite lucky. Right after the network went in, 00:31:02.419 --> 00:31:05.260 within a few months, we recorded an intermediate-depth 00:31:05.260 --> 00:31:09.279 magnitude 6.8 earthquake. This one here in April. 00:31:09.279 --> 00:31:14.200 So this was about three months after the last station went in. 00:31:15.210 --> 00:31:19.750 Last August also, the same day as the magnitude 6 earthquake that caused a lot 00:31:19.750 --> 00:31:25.700 of damage in Italy, Myanmar also had an earthquake – a magnitude 6.8. 00:31:25.740 --> 00:31:28.740 It was a bit deeper. It didn’t cause quite as much damage. 00:31:28.740 --> 00:31:31.940 But both of these were beautifully recorded by the new network. 00:31:31.940 --> 00:31:34.610 The broadbands did clip just because they were so close. 00:31:34.610 --> 00:31:38.000 But the strong motion data is excellent. 00:31:39.860 --> 00:31:46.529 All right. So with these stations having been in for almost a year and a half now, 00:31:46.529 --> 00:31:48.740 our partner agency has gotten very comfortable with the 00:31:48.740 --> 00:31:51.280 real-time monitoring aspect of things. 00:31:51.280 --> 00:31:55.580 They have a bit of a heterogeneous software environment there. 00:31:55.590 --> 00:31:59.140 So they use Antelope that was installed by Kinemetrics to bring in 00:31:59.140 --> 00:32:04.840 real-time data from USGS stations. SeisComP, which has been – 00:32:04.840 --> 00:32:08.700 they have had a lot of training on that from the GFZ. 00:32:08.710 --> 00:32:12.810 And SeisAn for catalog review because of Bergen. 00:32:12.810 --> 00:32:17.340 So we’re still trying to optimize the data processing workflow, 00:32:17.340 --> 00:32:21.460 figure out what works best for them, what their needs are. 00:32:21.460 --> 00:32:25.450 But they’re now able to issue bulletins pretty quickly – within about 10 to 20 00:32:25.450 --> 00:32:30.950 minutes of that initial alert when an earthquake is automatically detected. 00:32:30.950 --> 00:32:35.210 And they do have analysts continually going through to detect and relocate 00:32:35.210 --> 00:32:38.760 smaller earthquakes that maybe aren’t picked up by the auto picker. 00:32:39.520 --> 00:32:42.740 So now that they’re comfortable kind of doing their main – 00:32:42.750 --> 00:32:47.360 fulfilling their main mission, which is those real-time bulletins, 00:32:47.360 --> 00:32:52.130 our project is focused on building their research skills. 00:32:52.130 --> 00:32:57.789 So thus far, we’ve done trainings in basic seismology, 00:32:57.789 --> 00:33:01.910 getting comfortable with Linux and shell scripting, GMT, 00:33:01.910 --> 00:33:05.809 requesting seismic data, manipulating data with Python and SAC. 00:33:05.809 --> 00:33:10.529 I haven’t had the heart to inflict Fortran upon them yet, 00:33:10.529 --> 00:33:13.480 but I’m sure they’ll have to learn it eventually. 00:33:13.480 --> 00:33:16.610 And preparing manuscripts for publication in a journal. 00:33:16.610 --> 00:33:19.450 That was quite successful. It resulted in that publication 00:33:19.450 --> 00:33:22.440 that I mentioned earlier that you can go check out. 00:33:23.200 --> 00:33:26.820 So basically, the last three trips that we’ve done over there have been 00:33:26.820 --> 00:33:31.510 focused on kind of preparing them for basic research skills – the sort of things 00:33:31.510 --> 00:33:35.779 that you would like your grad student to learn in their first couple months or 00:33:35.779 --> 00:33:40.400 a year at grad school so that we can start focusing on research now. 00:33:40.400 --> 00:33:45.080 So they’re still – their main mandate is still to conduct real-time monitoring. 00:33:45.080 --> 00:33:49.860 But by adding in these research skills, this will improve their ability to 00:33:49.860 --> 00:33:53.140 advocate for disaster risk reduction within their country 00:33:53.140 --> 00:33:56.460 and characterize the hazard there. 00:33:56.460 --> 00:34:00.299 So here are some of the results that – from a training we did. 00:34:00.299 --> 00:34:03.500 So this is just some quick H-over-V ratios for the 00:34:03.500 --> 00:34:07.000 first six months of earthquakes recorded by the network. 00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:10.590 So here are the spectral ratios on top here. 00:34:10.590 --> 00:34:14.950 So we have separated out the east over north – 00:34:14.950 --> 00:34:20.349 east over vertical and west over – and north over vertical – sorry. 00:34:20.349 --> 00:34:23.970 So you can see, at a site like Tamu, we have this really beautiful 00:34:23.970 --> 00:34:28.629 resonance peak between 1 and 2 hertz. This station is right on 00:34:28.629 --> 00:34:32.429 the edge of a valley. This is in the west of the country. 00:34:32.429 --> 00:34:36.280 So we have some mountains, this valley here, 00:34:36.280 --> 00:34:40.800 so we get this kind of nice, classical basin response. 00:34:40.810 --> 00:34:43.200 In contrast, at Mandalay, which I was telling you earlier 00:34:43.200 --> 00:34:48.859 is sort of perched on that tiny, little knob of bedrock sticking out of a flood plain, 00:34:48.859 --> 00:34:52.389 which you can just barely see here in this cross-section, right, 00:34:52.389 --> 00:34:56.200 so flood plain, and then Mandalay Hill. 00:34:57.080 --> 00:34:58.560 Because we’re right on that bedrock, 00:34:58.560 --> 00:35:02.300 we see essentially no amplification at this site. 00:35:04.000 --> 00:35:07.730 Our other two – two other sites. Yangon did not record 00:35:07.730 --> 00:35:10.720 enough earthquakes to be used in this analysis, unfortunately. 00:35:10.720 --> 00:35:15.800 I think now that we have 18 months of data, we could probably revisit this. 00:35:16.780 --> 00:35:19.000 But we see – we see some interesting things going on here. 00:35:19.010 --> 00:35:22.280 So Haka is up in the mountains and sits on a saddle. 00:35:22.280 --> 00:35:24.930 I’m not sure if that’s why we see such a different response 00:35:24.930 --> 00:35:30.980 in the east and north components, but again, more analysis required. 00:35:30.980 --> 00:35:36.380 And then Keng Tun is another station in a basin, and we see 00:35:36.380 --> 00:35:38.460 some other interesting resonance peaks here. 00:35:38.460 --> 00:35:44.079 So these are figures and analysis that were done by the DMH staff, 00:35:44.079 --> 00:35:48.200 which we’re very proud of and looking forward to 00:35:48.200 --> 00:35:51.940 continuing similar trainings in the future. 00:35:51.940 --> 00:35:56.020 We also had the opportunity to look at some analog data. 00:35:56.020 --> 00:35:59.730 So it turned out that Emile Okal from Northwestern University, 00:35:59.730 --> 00:36:03.320 last time I was over there in February, 00:36:03.320 --> 00:36:09.000 was in Vietnam and was able to make a quick visit over to Myanmar. 00:36:09.980 --> 00:36:14.380 In 1975, there was a fairly large damaging earthquake near Bagan, 00:36:14.400 --> 00:36:17.940 which is a site of cultural significance. 00:36:17.940 --> 00:36:21.980 Hundreds of temples spread out through this plain. 00:36:21.990 --> 00:36:25.369 And because this was kind of pre-digital seismographs – 00:36:25.369 --> 00:36:29.820 there were only a handful at the time – there are focal mechanisms for 00:36:29.820 --> 00:36:32.380 this earthquake, but they are not well-constrained. 00:36:32.380 --> 00:36:37.480 Fortunately, Emile has a massive library of analog data, 00:36:37.480 --> 00:36:41.990 so we were able to actually, with tracing paper and pencil, 00:36:41.990 --> 00:36:45.079 derive a focal mechanism for this earthquake, which is 00:36:45.080 --> 00:36:50.230 better-constrained than most of the ones from digital inversions of waveforms. 00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:55.210 It was kind of interesting. We actually set out – I was all 00:36:55.210 --> 00:36:58.830 geared up to do this – you know, put in the first motion data, 00:36:58.830 --> 00:37:04.119 find the focal mechanism computationally, but the DMH 00:37:04.119 --> 00:37:07.170 specifically requested that we go back to the stereonets and 00:37:07.170 --> 00:37:10.480 tracing paper because it’s a little more intuitive. 00:37:10.480 --> 00:37:14.140 They really benefit from hands-on exercises. 00:37:14.140 --> 00:37:19.750 So it’s been a good exercise for me in kind of adapting teaching methods to 00:37:19.750 --> 00:37:24.000 what they’re most comfortable and what they’re going to learn the most from. 00:37:25.090 --> 00:37:28.950 Just as a kind of a fun aside, one of the few digital stations 00:37:28.950 --> 00:37:33.070 that was operating at the time was ANMO down in Albuquerque. 00:37:33.070 --> 00:37:36.150 So that – the orange trace here is the record of that 00:37:36.150 --> 00:37:40.790 1975 Bagan earthquake at ANMO. 00:37:40.790 --> 00:37:46.869 That magnitude 6.8 earthquake last year occurred very, very close 00:37:46.869 --> 00:37:51.580 to the Bagan earthquake, which you can see on this map here. 00:37:51.580 --> 00:37:54.200 And if you compare the two seismograms, convert them both to displacement, 00:37:54.200 --> 00:37:57.510 take out the instrument response, they’re quite similar. 00:37:57.510 --> 00:38:03.540 So I think this is – this is kind of a neat – kind of a neat figure for the GSN 00:38:03.540 --> 00:38:08.260 being able to record two earthquakes in nearly the same place but 41 years apart. 00:38:09.600 --> 00:38:14.260 All right, so as we look forward, one of the things that we’re going to 00:38:14.260 --> 00:38:18.310 focus on is trying to expand the detection capability of this network. 00:38:18.310 --> 00:38:22.440 So eight stations in a country the size of California, we can detect 00:38:22.440 --> 00:38:27.960 most earthquakes that are felt – magnitude 4, 3.9 maybe, and above. 00:38:27.960 --> 00:38:32.869 But we still have some holes in the network, especially in the south. 00:38:32.869 --> 00:38:36.430 So I’ve been talking to staff at ASL about using some of 00:38:36.430 --> 00:38:39.300 these low-cost sensors. If you’ve seen these Raspberry Shakes, 00:38:39.300 --> 00:38:42.950 which are basically just a little computer with a geophone next to it, 00:38:42.950 --> 00:38:44.880 we might actually get to take some of those over 00:38:44.880 --> 00:38:49.890 next time I go and test them out. So I’m very excited about that. 00:38:49.890 --> 00:38:54.140 We will be installing a spare Episensor and strong motion 00:38:54.140 --> 00:38:56.839 station in Nay Pyi Taw. This is going to be really important 00:38:56.839 --> 00:39:00.450 because this will give the DMH staff hands-on practice with installing 00:39:00.450 --> 00:39:01.870 their own equipment. 00:39:01.870 --> 00:39:05.560 Kinemetrics is contracted for network support, but we also want the DMH 00:39:05.560 --> 00:39:10.200 staff to get comfortable servicing and maintaining their own instruments. 00:39:11.580 --> 00:39:15.130 I think we’re going to keep doing seismology lectures 00:39:15.130 --> 00:39:19.130 and exercises for the junior staff. 00:39:19.130 --> 00:39:22.800 The staff, when they come in as junior staff, they have very good 00:39:22.800 --> 00:39:25.960 technical backgrounds – most of them have undergraduate degrees in math, 00:39:25.960 --> 00:39:29.540 physics, or computer science – but not a lot of geophysics training. 00:39:29.550 --> 00:39:32.550 So that’s been a priority for us is to get them up to speed 00:39:32.550 --> 00:39:36.080 with seismology and geophysics. 00:39:36.080 --> 00:39:41.369 And then, as we move forward, there will be less kind of this 00:39:41.369 --> 00:39:46.320 introductory research skills, right – Linux, Python, SAC, things like that, 00:39:46.320 --> 00:39:50.280 and starting to expand into research with the senior staff. 00:39:50.280 --> 00:39:52.599 So next time we go over there, we’re going to be installing 00:39:52.599 --> 00:39:55.730 ShakeMap in their real-time monitoring system. 00:39:55.730 --> 00:39:58.110 Kinemetrics will be doing the installation, but of course, 00:39:58.110 --> 00:40:01.930 part of that is selecting an appropriate ground motion model. 00:40:01.930 --> 00:40:06.089 So now that we have some data recorded from earthquakes 00:40:06.089 --> 00:40:09.510 within Myanmar, we’re going to be trying to select or develop 00:40:09.510 --> 00:40:13.100 a ground motion model for Myanmar that they can use. 00:40:14.120 --> 00:40:18.180 Lots of catalog quality control that needs to be done. 00:40:19.000 --> 00:40:23.780 There’s many opportunities for source characterization, looking at stress drop, 00:40:23.780 --> 00:40:28.300 trying to derive focal mechanisms for some of these smaller events. 00:40:28.300 --> 00:40:31.230 And then finally, regional structure studies. 00:40:31.230 --> 00:40:33.730 So pretty much anything you can think of. 00:40:33.730 --> 00:40:36.570 There’s never been seismic data for Myanmar before. 00:40:36.570 --> 00:40:40.300 So we don’t know a lot about the crust or the mantle below there. 00:40:40.300 --> 00:40:45.060 So receiver function, surface wave dispersion, anything you can think of. 00:40:45.060 --> 00:40:49.210 One of the senior staff is in Bergen right now trying to derive a regional 00:40:49.210 --> 00:40:53.700 1D velocity model that would be a good starting point for a lot of these studies. 00:40:56.160 --> 00:41:00.310 So a lot of work to be done, and I’m very excited to 00:41:00.310 --> 00:41:03.240 continue our research collaboration with the senior staff. 00:41:03.240 --> 00:41:07.480 If you are interested in working with staff in Myanmar, please let me know. 00:41:07.480 --> 00:41:10.640 And we’ll see what we can do to get you in touch. 00:41:10.640 --> 00:41:13.300 It’s a good bunch of people over there. 00:41:14.260 --> 00:41:16.160 All right, so with that, I just want to put in one more 00:41:16.160 --> 00:41:20.720 plug for our paper, and thank you for your attention. 00:41:20.720 --> 00:41:26.500 [ Applause ] 00:41:26.920 --> 00:41:29.000 Are there any questions? 00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:44.380 [ Silence ] 00:41:44.380 --> 00:41:45.600 Oh. 00:41:47.420 --> 00:41:51.220 [ Silence ] 00:41:52.400 --> 00:41:56.300 - Is there any opportunity to interact with the public at all? 00:41:56.300 --> 00:42:01.060 Like, you know, Did You Feel It, kind of surveys or anything like that? 00:42:01.060 --> 00:42:03.741 - Oh, that is a good question. I don’t think they have a 00:42:03.741 --> 00:42:06.950 Did You Feel It system set up at the moment. 00:42:06.950 --> 00:42:10.060 That is something that they’re interested in. 00:42:11.260 --> 00:42:12.779 Yeah, that would probably require … 00:42:12.779 --> 00:42:14.079 - [inaudible] about the technical challenges there or … 00:42:14.079 --> 00:42:19.710 - Yeah. The internet has expanded very rapidly, so most – I think – 00:42:19.710 --> 00:42:21.810 there are a lot of people with cell phones there now, 00:42:21.810 --> 00:42:24.050 now that the mobile networks are expanding. 00:42:24.050 --> 00:42:26.950 I think some translation of the Did You Feel It 00:42:26.950 --> 00:42:30.880 or similar interface would be required. 00:42:30.880 --> 00:42:34.140 So the level of English in the country varies widely. 00:42:34.140 --> 00:42:38.740 I think it is taught, mostly. But in order to get, I think, 00:42:38.740 --> 00:42:42.910 widespread adoption by the public, it would require a bit of work. 00:42:42.910 --> 00:42:47.740 But I think that could be interesting. There’s a – we started talking to 00:42:47.740 --> 00:42:51.360 the group at Berkeley with their MyShake app, right, with these kind of – 00:42:51.360 --> 00:42:57.220 you use your smartphone as a sensor. So I’d be interested to see if the 00:42:57.220 --> 00:43:00.000 DMH would like to lead in some kind of outreach effort. 00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:05.600 Because that would also fill in – kind of help us fill in these network gaps. 00:43:06.789 --> 00:43:09.500 - Great. Thank you. - Thank you. 00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:20.000 [ Silence ] 00:43:21.349 --> 00:43:26.140 - So you showed in this presentation [inaudible] intermediate depths. 00:43:26.140 --> 00:43:31.089 And is that typical event in these structured fault systems? 00:43:31.089 --> 00:43:37.160 - Ah. So it’s – so these intermediate-depth events occur – 00:43:37.160 --> 00:43:39.440 they’re very close to the strike-slip faults. 00:43:39.940 --> 00:43:43.300 I’m going to scroll all the way back through here. 00:43:44.540 --> 00:43:47.460 - I’m just wondering, like, there are shallower – 00:43:47.470 --> 00:43:51.070 shallow earthquakes too or not. - Right. 00:43:51.070 --> 00:43:53.000 Yeah, so the shallow events tend to be strike-slip. 00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:55.730 These are these kind of crustal ones in green here. 00:43:55.730 --> 00:43:59.349 And then, as you get deeper – so there’s actually a slab that is 00:43:59.349 --> 00:44:02.099 basically sitting right underneath the strike-slip fault. 00:44:02.099 --> 00:44:04.290 So you can have – you know, looking in map view, 00:44:04.290 --> 00:44:06.340 they look like they’re right on top of each other. 00:44:06.340 --> 00:44:10.180 But these deeper events are – go down to about 150 kilometers 00:44:10.180 --> 00:44:14.000 because they’re in that subducting slab. 00:44:17.120 --> 00:44:21.750 - Could you comment on the nature of the two Chinese stations? 00:44:22.400 --> 00:44:25.780 - Ah. Good question. Okay, so these were installed, 00:44:25.790 --> 00:44:29.700 I think, in the mid-2000s. They are Chinese broadband instruments. 00:44:29.700 --> 00:44:35.260 I don’t know the exact make. They had VSAT telemetry for a while, 00:44:35.260 --> 00:44:39.839 and then I believe they were also struck by lightning and went down for a while. 00:44:40.980 --> 00:44:43.900 So those were repaired, but they’re Chinese broadband instruments. 00:44:43.900 --> 00:44:46.670 I don’t – I can’t remember the manufacturer right off 00:44:46.670 --> 00:44:48.840 the top of my head. - Oh, that’s okay. Yeah. 00:44:48.840 --> 00:44:51.400 So the – by the way, that was a great talk. Very … 00:44:51.400 --> 00:44:53.360 - Oh. Thank you. - … comprehensive and 00:44:53.360 --> 00:44:58.000 logical and beautifully done. You know, it’s tempting to try to 00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:01.030 play around with the data, but from what I understand, 00:45:01.030 --> 00:45:05.530 there are four excellent stations and one which is, you know, 00:45:05.530 --> 00:45:07.380 in a good location but a little bit noisy. 00:45:07.380 --> 00:45:10.380 - Exactly. Yeah. Great for strong motion, but tough for broadband, yeah. 00:45:10.380 --> 00:45:14.850 - Right. So what you’d really want to do is feel some confidence that maybe you 00:45:14.850 --> 00:45:19.390 could get the Chinese stations and a couple of the other stations 00:45:19.390 --> 00:45:24.260 in the area, like Thailand. But are you – do you think a researcher 00:45:24.260 --> 00:45:29.940 could ever get access to any other – anything beyond the four good stations? 00:45:29.940 --> 00:45:34.860 - Mm. The Thai stations, I believe, you can get through IRIS. 00:45:34.870 --> 00:45:37.520 - Oh, okay. - I’m not entirely sure. 00:45:37.520 --> 00:45:40.440 At least a few of them are – the GSN station, obviously you can. 00:45:40.440 --> 00:45:42.500 - Yeah. Chiang Mai you can get, of course. 00:45:42.500 --> 00:45:49.280 - Yeah. The Chinese stations – those two kind of over here by Yunnan province, 00:45:49.280 --> 00:45:53.050 the DMH is allowed to use those for real-time monitoring. 00:45:53.050 --> 00:45:56.940 But research is a bit more complicated. - Right. 00:45:58.020 --> 00:46:00.680 Because right now, just the four wouldn’t be quite enough to do a 00:46:00.690 --> 00:46:04.369 tomographic study or an ambient noise study or a shear wave splitting study. 00:46:04.369 --> 00:46:06.880 - Right. - It’s kind of at the edge … 00:46:06.880 --> 00:46:10.600 - Exactly. Yeah. So for now – or, up until now, the efforts have 00:46:10.610 --> 00:46:13.719 been focused on just that real-time monitoring capability. 00:46:13.720 --> 00:46:15.400 - Right. - And now we’re sort of 00:46:15.420 --> 00:46:17.780 looking into what we can do with those four stations. 00:46:17.780 --> 00:46:21.750 This is why we’re keenly interested in what GFZ is doing. 00:46:21.750 --> 00:46:26.950 Obviously, those data will be used for their research purposes, but they have – 00:46:26.950 --> 00:46:29.079 they had been working with DMH in the past. 00:46:29.079 --> 00:46:33.100 They actually hired one of their staff as a research associate. 00:46:33.100 --> 00:46:34.800 So we’re looking – we’re hoping that 00:46:34.800 --> 00:46:39.220 that collaboration will benefit DMH as well as EOS. 00:46:39.220 --> 00:46:42.000 - Great. Nice job. - Thank you. 00:46:43.420 --> 00:46:48.060 [ Silence ] 00:46:49.380 --> 00:46:52.020 - Any other questions? 00:46:53.920 --> 00:46:57.240 Okay. We’ll take Emily to lunch at the patio. 00:46:57.250 --> 00:47:03.780 Let’s meet in about 15 minutes out at the flagpole. 00:47:03.780 --> 00:47:06.710 And there are still spots available if you would like to meet with 00:47:06.710 --> 00:47:09.570 Emily later this afternoon, so if you would like that, and you 00:47:09.570 --> 00:47:13.369 have not already signed up, please come and talk to me right now. 00:47:13.369 --> 00:47:15.369 Thank you. Let’s thank our speaker again. 00:47:15.369 --> 00:47:21.000 [ Applause ] 00:47:25.080 --> 00:47:28.500 [ Silence ]