San Andreas fault zone, Creeping section (Class A) No. 1e
Last Review Date: 2002-12-10
Compiled in cooperation with the California Geological Survey
citation for this record: Bryant, W.A., and Lundberg, M., compilers, 2002, Fault number 1e, San Andreas fault zone, Creeping section, in Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey website, https://earthquakes.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults, accessed 04/23/2024 03:23 PM.
| Synopsis |
General:
The 1,100-km-long San Andreas fault zone is the principal element of the San Andreas fault system, a network of faults with predominantly dextral strike-slip displacement that collectively accommodates the majority of relative N-S motion between the North American and Pacific plates. Major elements of the San Andreas fault system include the Bartlett Springs [29], Maacama [30], Rodgers Creek [32], Green Valley [37], Calaveras [54], Hayward [55], San Gregorio [60], San Jacinto [125], Elsinore [126], and Imperial [132] fault zones. In this compilation, the San Andreas fault zone is considered to be the Holocene and historically active dextral strike-slip fault that extends along most of coastal California from its complex junction with the Mendocino fault zone [18] on the north, southeast to the northern Transverse Range and inland to the Salton Sea, where a well-defined zone of seismicity (the Brawley Seismic Zone [124]) transfers slip to the Imperial fault [132] along a right-releasing step.
Two major surface-rupturing earthquakes have occurred in historic time: the 1857 Fort Tejon (Sieh, 1978 #5775) and 1906 San Francisco (Lawson, 1908 #4969) earthquakes. Additional historic surface rupturing earthquakes include the unnamed 1812 earthquake along the Mojave section [1h] (Jacoby and others, 1988 #4962; Sieh and others, 1989 #5779; Fumal and others, 2002 #5726) and the northern part of the San Bernardino Mountains section [1i] (Weldon and Sieh, 1985 #5806; Jacoby and others, 1987 #4961; 1988 #4962), and a large earthquake in the San Francisco Bay area that occurred in 1838 that was probably on the Peninsula section [1c] of the San Andreas fault (Toppozada and Borchardt, 1998 #5493; Bakun, 1999 #4790). Historic fault creep at rates as high as 32 mm/yr characterizes the 132-km-long Creeping section [1e] in central California (Burford and Harsh, 1980 #4806). The creep rate gradually tapers off to 0 mm/yr at the northwestern and southeastern ends of this section. The northern and southern ends of the Creeping section [1e] are transitional to the surface-rupture termination points of the 1906 earthquake to the north and 1857 earthquake to the south. Creep at rates as high as 4 mm/yr also has been measured on the Coachella section [1j] (Sieh and Williams, 1990 #5780).
The San Andreas fault zone is the most extensively studied fault in California, and perhaps in the world. The fault zone first gained international scientific attention immediately following the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Lawson's 1908 report summarizing the investigation of the 1906 earthquake contained the first integrated description of the San Andreas fault, which was recognized as extending from Point Delgada in the north to Whitewater Canyon southeast of San Bernardino in the south, and formed the underlying basis for our modern studies of paleoseismology and earthquake geology (Prentice, 1999 #5755). More than 5,000 articles, maps, and publications describing various aspects of the San Andreas fault that have been produced since Lawson's pioneering work. In addition, there are about 1,000 site-specific fault rupture investigation reports (and maps) filed with the California Geological Survey in compliance with the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997 #4856). For this compilation, 51 detailed paleoseismic study sites along the fault zone are summarized.
The fastest, generally accepted Holocene slip rate for the San Andreas fault is along the Cholame-Carrizo section [1g], which lies in the medial portion of the 1,100-km-long fault zone. Here, Sieh and Jahns (1984 #5778) reported a preferred late Holocene dextral slip rate of 33.9±2.9 mm/yr. In and south of the San Francisco Bay area, a significant portion of dextral slip is partitioned onto several faults of the San Andreas fault system, including the San Gregorio [60] on the west, and the Calaveras [54] and Hayward [55] faults on the east. Hall and others (1999 #4954) reported a late Holocene slip rate of 17±4 mm/yr for the Peninsula section [1c]. North of the Golden Gate, dextral slip from the San Gregorio fault zone [60] may be transferred to the North Coast section [1b] along a right-releasing step. Reported late Holocene slip rates for the North Coast section [1b] range from a minimum value of 16–18 mm/yr reported by Noller and others (1996 #5748) to a maximum value of 25.5±2.5 mm/yr reported by Prentice (1989 #5754).
To the south, the San Andreas fault zone is delineated by an extremely complex zone of dextral strike-slip, reverse-oblique, and thrust faults in the southeastern Transverse Ranges. Fault nomenclature in the San Gorgonio Pass area is complex and different workers have assigned faults different names. West-northwest of San Gorgonio Pass Dibblee (1964 #1340; 1968 #4817; 1982 #4841) termed the principal active strand of the San Andreas fault located along the foot of the San Bernardino Mountains the South Branch San Andreas fault, which is referred to as the San Andreas fault by Allen (1957 #4787) and San Bernardino strand San Andreas fault by Matti and others (1992 #5735). For this compilation, this strand will be referred to as the San Andreas fault (South Branch). A fault that strikes sub-parallel located to the north was called the North Branch San Andreas fault by Dibblee (1964 #1340; 1968 #4817) and is referred to as the Mill Creek fault by Allen (1957 #4787), Matti and others (1992 #5735), and Jennings (1994 #2878). This strand will be referred to as the Mill Creek fault in this compilation. East-southeast of San Gorgonio Pass two principal dextral strike-slip faults comprise the Holocene active San Andreas fault zone. The southern trace has been referred to as the South Branch San Andreas fault by Dibblee (1967 #1345; 1981 #4840) and Jennings (1994 #2878); Matti and others (1992 #5735) refer to this trace as the Coachella Valley segment, Banning fault. This branch will be referred to as the South Branch San Andreas fault (Banning strand) in this compilation. The northern trace is referred to as the North Branch San Andreas fault by Dibblee (1967 #1345; 1981 #4840) and Jennings (1994 #2878); Mission Creek fault by Allen (1957 #4787); Matti and others (1992 #5735) named this trace the Coachella Valley segment, San Andreas fault and will be referred to as the North Branch San Andreas fault (Coachella strand) in this compilation. Refer to Matti and others (1992 #5735) for a detailed discussion of San Andreas fault nomenclature for the Mojave [1h], San Bernardino [1i], and Coachella [1j] sections.
Weldon and Sieh (1985 #5806) reported a Holocene slip rate of 24±4 mm/yr at the northern end of the San Bernardino Mountains section [1i]. Harden and Matti (1989 #4955) reported a preferred Holocene slip rate of 14 mm/yr to 25 mm/yr near Yucaipa along the San Andreas fault (South Branch). Keller and others (1982 #4964) reported a preferred late Quaternary slip rate of 23 mm/yr to 35 mm/yr for the Coachella section [1j] near Biskra Palms. Surface-exposure age constraints (10Be-26Al) of the offset alluvial fan complex at Biskra Palms yields a better constrained late Quaternary dextral slip rate of 23.3±3.5 mm/yr (van der Woerd and others, 2001 #5800).
Several average values of recurrence have been reported for the fault zone; in general they range from a little more than 100 to as much as 450 yr. The North Coast section [1b] ranges from 180–260 yr (Niemi and Hall, 1992 #5747) to 200≠400 yr for the past 2 k.y. (Prentice, 1989 #5754). The Santa Cruz Mountains section [1d] is 247-266 yr (Schwartz and others, 1998 #5771) and the Cholame-Carrizo section [1g] is 160–450 yr (Sieh and Jahns, 1984 #5778; Grant and Sieh, 1994 #4950; Sims, 1994 #5787; Stone and others, 2002 #5792). Recurrence intervals for the Mojave section [1h] are well-constrained based on paleoseismic studies by Sieh and others (1989 #5779), Biasi and others (2002 #5724) and Fumal and others (1993 #624; 2002 #5725). Sieh and others (1989 #5779) reported an average recurrence interval of 132 yr for the time interval AD 734 to 1857 at Pallett Creek, whereas Biasi and others (2002 #5724) refined the average recurrence interval at 135 yr. Fumal and others (2002 #5725) reported an average recurrence interval of 105 yr for the past 500 yr at Wrightwood. An average recurrence interval of 150–275 yr has been reported for the northern San Bernardino Mountains section by Weldon and Sieh (1985 #5806), Seitz and Weldon (1994 #5772), and Yule and others (2001 #4948). The Coachella section [1j] averages large earthquakes about 207–233 yr based on Sieh (1986 #5777). Sections: This fault has 10 sections. From north to south they are the Shelter Cove [1a], North Coast [1b], Peninsula [1c], Santa Cruz Mountains [1d], Creeping [1e], Parkfield [1f], Cholame-Carrizo [1g], Mojave [1h], San Bernardino Mountains [1i], and Coachella [1j] sections. Different behavior patterns along different parts of the San Andreas fault where first noticed when Steinbrugge and Zacher (1960 #5791) documented creep along the fault in central California. Since that time, other workers have proposed various segmentation models for the San Andreas fault including five segments by Allen (1968 #4788), eight segments by Wallace (1970 #1423), 12 segments by Sykes and Nishenko (1984 #5794), Petersen and others (1996 #4860), the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (1988 #5494; 1995 #4945; 1999 #4946), and the Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Probabilities (1996 #1216). Some segment boundaries are well documented or constrained for the San Andreas fault zone, whereas others are not. For this compilation, boundaries generally are similar to those described in models adopted by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (1988 #5494; 1990 #549; 1995 #4945; 1999 #4946), the Working Group on Northern California Earthquake Probabilities (1996 #1216), and Petersen and others (1996 #4860). |
| Name comments |
General: Traces of the San Andreas fault were first mapped in northern California by Lawson (1893 #4967) and were first named the San Andreas rift by Lawson (1895 #4968) after the type locality of the fault in the San Andreas Valley (San Mateo County, California). North of San Francisco, Anderson (1899 #4789) mapped traces of the fault on the Point Reyes Peninsula, but did not name the fault. Schuyler (1896–1897 #5769) described parts of the fault zone in southern California for a 200-mi (about 320-km) length through Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties and referred to the fault not as the San Andreas but as the "great earthquake crack", referring to surface fault ruptures associated with the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The significance and extent of the San Andreas fault was not recognized until after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. J.C. Branner and S. Tabor proposed the name Portola-Tomales for the fault zone, but A.C. Lawson (1908 #4969) preferred the term "San Andreas fault" (Hill, 1981 #4958). For this compilation, we use San Andreas fault zone owing to the complex nature and multiple strands (or faults) that comprise the structure. Section: The Creeping section extends from just south of San Juan Bautista southeast to the southern boundary with the Parkfield section [1f] north of Parkfield in the vicinity of Middle Mountain. Fault creep on the San Andreas fault was first recognized by Tocher (1960 #5796) at a winery about 17 km south of San Juan Bautista. Burford and Harsh (1980 #4806) proposed that the creeping portion of the San Andreas fault can be divided into 3 distinct segments. A 55-km-long central segment northeast of King City shows the highest surface fault creep at rates approaching 32 mm/yr. The two segments flanking this central segment are transitional from almost 100% fault creep to nearly 0% fault creep, and are at the distal ends of the 1906 and 1857 earthquake surface fault ruptures. For this compilation, we treat the entire creeping portion of the San Andreas fault as a single section [1e]. Fault ID: Refers to Jennings (1994 #2878) numbers 87 (San Andreas fault (SAF) Shelter Cove), 116 (SAF splays), 119 (SAF Fort Ross to Manchester), 145 (SAF offshore), 147 (SAF offshore Bolinas), 162 (SAF boundary faults), 194 (SAF San Francisco to Watsonville), 217 (SAF 1989 ground fractures), 234 (SAF San Juan Bautista to Priest Valley), 240 (SAF historic creep), 278 (SAF Priest Valley to Cuyama), 311 (SAF Cuyama to Palmdale), 358 (SAF Palmdale to Cajon Canyon), 360 (SAF 1812 rupture), 427 (Mill Creek), 427A (SAF Cajon Canyon to Burro Flats), 452 (SAF South Branch), 453 (SAF North Branch), 472 (SAF Indio to Salton Sea), 477 (SAF Bombay Beach and vicinity), 452 (SAF South Branch), 449 (Banning fault western part), and 450 (Mission Creek fault), and numbers A1 (SAF 1906 rupture), A2 (SAF Peninsula), A3 (SAF Santa Cruz Mountains), and A7 (SAF creeping section) of the Working Group on Northern California Earthquake potential (1996 #1216). |
| County(s) and State(s) |
MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SAN BENITO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA |
| Physiographic province(s) |
PACIFIC BORDER |
| Reliability of location |
Good Compiled at 1:62,500 scale. Comments: Location based on digital revisions to Jennings (1994 #2878) 1:750,000-scale map using original mapping by Brown (1970 #485), Sarna-Wojcicki and others (1975 #1247), Dibblee (1974 #4829; 1974 #4830; 1975 #4832; 1979 #4833; 1979 #4834; 1979 #4835; 1979 #4836), Bryant (1980 #5815, 1985 #4803), Manson (1985 #5732), and Rogers (1993 #5438) at 1:24,000 scale and mapping by Dibblee (1971 #4818; 1971 #4819; 1971 #4820; 1971 #4821; 1971 #4822) at 1:62,500 scale.
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| Geologic setting |
The San Andreas fault zone is a major dextral strike-slip fault zone that extends for about 1,100 km along the western side of California. It is near the coast in northern California, but stays entirely inland to the south of San Francisco, extending all the way to the northern Gulf of California in Mexico. The San Andreas fault zone is the principal element of a network of dextral strike-slip faults that constitute the San Andreas fault system that collectively accommodates the majority of relative N-S motion between the Pacific and North American plates (Wallace, 1990 #5804). Wilson (1965 #4947) first proposed that the San Andreas fault was a transform fault connecting two spreading oceanic ridges between the Pacific and North American plates. The San Andreas fault zone extends from the Salton Trough near Bombay Beach northwest to its complex junction with the Mendocino fault zone [18] near Punta Gorda. At the southern end of the fault zone near Bombay Beach, dextral slip is transferred to the Imperial fault [132] along a right-releasing step-over delineated by a zone of seismicity referred to as the Brawley Seismic Zone [124]. The San Andreas fault traverses the length of the Coast Ranges geomorphic subprovince and forms the boundary between the Transverse Range and Mojave Desert geomorphic subprovinces as well as the boundary between the Salton Trough and Mojave Desert geomorphic subprovinces. Noble (1926 #1592) was the first to suggest a large amount of dextral slip (38 km) on the San Andreas fault. Hill and Dibblee (1953 #923) postulated that as much as 560 km of dextral slip has occurred on the basis of proposed correlation of Mesozoic basement rocks. Post-early Miocene cumulative dextral slip is approximately 315 km, based on correlation of the Neenach Volcanic Formation (22.5–24.1 Ma minimum K-Ar age reported in Sims, 1993 #5786) on the east side of the fault zone with early Miocene Pinnacles Formation (24.2±0.5 Ma average K-Ar age reported in Sims, 1993 #5786) on the west side of the fault (Matthews, 1976 #931). Stanley (1987 #5790) reported 325–330 km of post late Oligocene dextral slip and 320–325 km of post-early Miocene dextral slip. Further discussions of the displacement history the San Andreas fault zone are included in Powell (1993 #5753), Weldon and others (1993 #5807), and Matti and Morton (1993 #5737).
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| Length (km) | This section is 130 km of a total fault length of 1082 km. |
| Average strike | N42°W |
| Sense of movement |
Right lateral
Comments: Well-defined geomorphic expression of dextral strike-slip faulting (Brown, 1970 #485; Sarna-Wojcicki and others, 1975 #1247; Bryant, 1980 #5815; 1985 #4803; Manson, 1985 #5732), dextral displacement associated with surface fault creep and abundant microseismicity (Burford and Harsh, 1980 #4806; Lisowski and Prescott, 1981 #5730; Schulz and others, 1982 #5768; Hill and others, 1990 #4957).
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| Dip Direction |
V
Comments: Vertical dip based on linear geomorphic expression of fault; vertical to near vertical fault zone expressed in trench exposures by Perkins and others (1989 #5750). Well defined seismicity shows vertical fault zone at depth (Hill and others, 1990 #4957).
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| Paleoseismology studies |
Melendy Ranch site (1-16). Studies by Perkins and others (1989 #5750) involved the excavation of three fault normal and five fault parallel trenches in late Holocene terrace and fluvial deposits of the San Benito River at the Melendy Ranch site. Results of trenching allowed the determination of a late Holocene slip rate for this section of the fault.
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| Geomorphic expression |
The Creeping section is delineated by geomorphic features characteristic of Holocene dextral offset such as dextrally deflected and offset drainages, linear drainages, sidehill benches, closed depressions, aligned benches, linear scarps, linear troughs, saddles, and linear vegetation contrasts (Brown, 1970 #485; Sarna-Wojcicki, 1975 #1247; Bryant, 1980 #5815, 1985 #4803).
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| Age of faulted surficial deposits | Deposits of late Holocene to historic age, as well as cultural features, are deformed along the creeping section of the San Andreas fault. Perkins and others (1989 #5750) identified faulted late Holocene fluvial deposits at the Melendy Ranch site. Radiocarbon age of charcoal within alluvial unit Qa1 is 830±170 yr BP. Modern anthropic deposits, such as asphalt roads, are dextrally displaced where they cross the San Andreas fault. |
| Historic earthquake | |
| Most recent prehistoric deformation |
latest Quaternary (<15 ka)
Comments: The most recent paleoearthquake along this section has not been determined. Observations along the central 50 km of the Creeping section suggest that historical creep rates are nearly equal to long-term slip rates along the Carrizo section to the south. This observations allows the interpretation that the Creeping section does not accumulate sufficient strain for release in a large earthquake (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1988 #5494). Perkins and others (1989 #5750) identified faulted fluvial deposits at the Melendy Ranch site that range in age from 260 yr BP to 4,520 yr BP, based on radiocarbon ages of detrital charcoal.
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| Recurrence interval |
Comments: Observations along the central 50 km of the Creeping section suggest that historical creep rates are nearly equal to long-term slip rates along the Carrizo section [1f] to the south. If so, the Creeping section may not accumulate sufficient strain for release in a large earthquake (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1988 #5494), in which case the concept of recurrence intervals is not appropriate. |
| Slip-rate category |
Greater than 5.0 mm/yr
Comments: Perkins and others (1989 #5750) reported a late Holocene slip rate of 22 mm/yr (+6 mm/yr, -4 mm/yr). A distinctive fluvial scarp is dextrally displaced 17.8±1 m and a distinctive fluvial sand deposit (unit Qa1) is dextrally displaced 17.5±1 m. Perkins and others (1989 #5750) postulated that deposition of displaced fluvial unit Qa1 was relatively rapid. Radiocarbon age of charcoal within unit Qa1 is 830±170 yr BP. Deposition of unit Qa1 alluvium was complete by 600±45 yr BP, based on radiocarbon age of a burned log in a hearth excavated into unit Qa1. Perkins and others used the 830 yr BP age to calculate the slip rate (minimum value). Surface fault creep rates at the Melendy Ranch site are 20–23 mm/yr based on geodetic measurements (Burford and Harsh, 1980 #4806). |
| Date and Compiler(s) |
2002
William A. Bryant, California Geological Survey Matthew Lundberg, California Geological Survey |
| References |
#4787 Allen, C.R., 1957, San Andreas fault zone in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 3, p. 315-350. #4788 Allen, C.R., 1968, The tectonic environments of seismically active and inactive areas along the San Andreas fault system, in Dickinson, W.R., and Grantz, A., eds., Proceedings of conference on geologic problems of San Andreas fault system: Palo Alto, California, Stanford University Publications, Geological Sciences, v. XI, p. 70-82. #4789 Anderson, F.M., 1899, The geology of Point Reyes Peninsula: Berkeley, California, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 2, p. 119-153. #4790 Bakun, W.H., 1999, Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 3, p. 764-784. #5724 Biasi, G.P., Weldon, R.J., II, Fumal, T.E., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Special Issue on Paleoseismology of the San Andreas Fault System, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2761-2781. #485 Brown, R.D., Jr., 1970, Map showing recently active breaks along the San Andreas and related faults between the northern Gabilan Range and Cholame Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations I-575, 1 sheet, scale 1:62,500. #5815 Bryant, W.A., 1980, San Andreas and Harris Ranch faults: California Division of Mines and Geology Fault Evaluation Report FER-99, microfiche copy in Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 90-11, scale 1:24,000. #4803 Bryant, W.A., 1985, Faults in the southern Hollister area, San Benito County, California: California Division of Mines and Geology Fault Evaluation Report FER-113, microfiche copy in California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 90-11. #4806 Burford, R.O., and Harsh, P.W., 1980, Slip on the San Andreas fault in central California from alignment array surveys: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 70, no. 4, p. 1233-1261. #1340 Dibblee, T.W., Jr., 1964, Geologic map of the San Gorgonio Mountain quadrangle San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-431, 3 p. pamphlet, 1 sheet, scale 1:62,500. #1345 Dibblee, T.W., Jr., 1967, Geologic map of the Morongo Valley quadrangle San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-517, 4 p. pamphlet, 1 sheet, scale 1:62,500. #4817 Dibblee, T.W., Jr., 1968, Displacements on the San Andreas fault system in San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains, southern California, in Dickinson, W.R., and Grantz, A., eds., Proceedings of conference on geologic problems of San Andreas fault system: Palo Alto, California, Stanford University Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 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